Update ubuntu base image to 24.04

[BrianJKoopman]

Draft until #471 is merged.

Description

This PR updates the base Docker image to ubuntu:24.04, which uses in Python 3.12.

Motivation and Context

Resolves #449.

How Has This Been Tested?

I have built the image locally. I'll want to see the integration tests run in the CI. It'll build the image and run tests using that image.

I also plan to run some local development system before merging this. Will report back.

Types of changes

• Bug fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)

Checklist:

• My code follows the code style of this project.
• My change requires a change to the documentation.
• I have updated the documentation accordingly.