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RIINA™

Formally verified programming language.

Formal claims, verification status, and gaps published openly.

Security properties in RIINA are tracked as a mix of machine-checked proofs, compiler checks, and explicitly documented gaps. The current verified state lives in RIINA_MASTER_PLAN.md Part 2.

Get Started in 10 Minutes | Writing Secure RIINA | Try the Playground | RIINA vs Rust | Website

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  Rigorous Immutable Invariant, No Assumptions

Bahasa Melayu | 中文

Write with vibes. Ship with proofs.


AI-Native Language

RIINA is a programming language that combines formal verification work with AI-native tooling. The repository contains machine-checked proofs, active compiler checks, and explicitly documented verification gaps, and it is designed from the ground up for AI agents to read, write, and reason about.

AI-Writability: a design goal, not a benchmarked score. Consistent Bahasa Melayu keywords, minimal syntax, strong types, and deterministic compilation are intended to make RIINA easy for AI agents to read and write. (Any single-number "writability score" is an internal self-assessment, not an externally validated metric.)

AI agents: See llms.txt for a machine-readable language reference.

For AI Agents

RIINA provides first-class support for AI-assisted development:

  • Programmatic compilation: riinac check --json --stdin accepts source on stdin and returns structured JSON diagnostics
  • Full machine reference: llms-full.txt contains the complete language specification, type system, and effect system in a single file
  • Stdlib API reference: docs/api/STDLIB.md — every builtin and its type signature, generated from the compiler's own registry (drift-guarded by a test)
  • Proof guide: docs/guide/PROOF_GUIDE.md — how to read, build, and extend the Coq lane
  • Code patterns: 07_EXAMPLES/ contains 130+ annotated examples across 10 categories (security, effects, compliance, design patterns, FFI, and more)
  • IDE integration: .cursorrules and .clinerules provide pre-configured rules for Cursor and Cline; .github/copilot-instructions.md provides GitHub Copilot context

What is RIINA?

RIINA is a programming language with a machine-checked Coq proof corpus and a security-oriented compiler. Coq is the only fully mechanized lane. The repository also contains Lean, Isabelle, F*, TLA+, Alloy, and SMT trees, but these are machine-generated from the Coq sources and are mostly unproven placeholders or small smoke artifacts — they are tracked honestly with per-lane claim levels in website/public/metrics.json, not presented as independent verification. The shipped compiler enforces core type/effect checks today; broader proof coverage and known gaps are tracked explicitly in RIINA_MASTER_PLAN.md Part 2.

Most languages ask you to trust that your code is secure. RIINA asks you to verify it.

What RIINA has today Current status
Type safety theorems Machine-checked in Coq; Rust checker active
Effect algebra and gate model Machine-checked in Coq; compiler tracks effects
Information-flow / non-interference development Machine-checked in Coq; compiler enforcement partial
Declassification model Machine-checked in Coq; shipped compiler/runtime alignment still in progress
Termination and memory models Formalized in the Coq corpus

These are real formal artifacts that compile today, but not every theorem is wired end-to-end into the shipped compiler yet.


Why RIINA?

If you write software where security matters, RIINA is for you.

  • Building a payments system? RIINA gives you explicit secrets, effects, and auditable formal models.
  • Building healthcare software? RIINA gives you language support for confidentiality-focused design and verification.
  • Building infrastructure? RIINA gives you explicit effects, proof artifacts, and a narrow trusted surface.
  • Building anything? RIINA is aimed at zero-trust software, but current compiler-enforced coverage is narrower than the full proof corpus.

RIINA doesn't care what industry you're in. If you care about getting security right — provably, permanently, without hoping your tests caught everything — RIINA is the tool.

What makes RIINA different from every other language

Feature RIINA Rust Haskell Ada/SPARK
Memory safety Formal model; compiler/runtime alignment in progress Borrow checker (no proof) GC Proven (SPARK subset)
Information flow control Formal model; compiler enforcement partial None None None
Effect tracking Implemented + formal model None Monads (no proof) None
Type safety Formalized in Coq; checker active Tested Tested Proven (SPARK subset)
Zero external dependencies Yes (compiler, crypto, stdlib) No No No
Formal proof corpus in repo Yes — 12,613 Coq Qed (mechanized); other lanes generated, see below No No Partial
Multi-prover work Coq mechanized; 9 other lanes are generated/smoke-only (not independent verification) No No No
Session-typed actors Yes (JALINAN: pelaku, lahir, hantar, terima) No No No
Bahasa Melayu native syntax Yes No No No

Website: ib823.github.io/riina


Quick Start

Install

git clone https://github.com/ib823/riina.git
cd riina/03_PROTO
cargo build --release

The compiler binary is riinac. Zero external dependencies — everything is built from source.

Alternative install methods:

# Docker (build from source)
docker build -t riina .
docker run --rm riina check myfile.rii

# Nix
nix run github:ib823/riina

# Portable installer (builds from source)
bash scripts/install.sh

For the pinned Isabelle/F* toolchains and TLA+/Alloy formal jars used by repo verification on a fresh clone:

bash scripts/provision-smoke-toolchains.sh

Hello World

Create hello.rii:

// Hello World in RIINA
// Keywords are in Bahasa Melayu (Malaysian Malay)
// (This example type-checks and runs on the shipped compiler.)

fungsi utama() -> Teks kesan Sistem {
    biar mesej = "Selamat datang ke RIINA!";
    cetak(mesej);          // 'cetak' prints; its effect is 'Sistem' (System)
    mesej                  // trailing expression is the return value (no 'pulang;')
}
riinac check hello.rii    # Type-check and verify
riinac run hello.rii      # Run directly
riinac build hello.rii    # Compile to native binary via C

Security in Action (illustrative — intended model)

The snippet below shows the intended information-flow model. It uses syntax (kesan Crypto, pulang …;) that the shipped parser does not yet fully accept; treat it as a design illustration, not a runnable example.

// RIINA prevents information leaks at compile time

fungsi proses_pembayaran(kad: Rahsia<Teks>, jumlah: Nombor) -> Teks kesan Crypto {
    // 'kad' is Secret in the language model; compiler/runtime alignment is ongoing

    biar hash = sha256(kad);           // OK: crypto on secret data
    biar resit = "Jumlah: " + ke_teks(jumlah);  // OK: amount is public

    // cetakln(kad);                   // COMPILE ERROR: secret data in IO effect
    // pulang kad;                     // COMPILE ERROR: secret in public return

    pulang resit;                      // OK: only public data returned
}

This is the intended security model. Current compiler enforcement is narrower than the full proof corpus; see RIINA_MASTER_PLAN.md Part 2 for the verified state and current gaps.

Effect System (illustrative — intended model)

As above, this illustrates the intended effect syntax; kesan IO and pulang …; are not accepted by the shipped parser yet. Valid effect names today include Bersih, Tulis, Baca, Kripto, Rangkaian, Rawak, Masa, Sistem.

// Effects are explicit in the language and formal model

fungsi baca_config(laluan: Teks) -> Teks kesan IO {
    biar kandungan = fail_baca(laluan);
    pulang kandungan;
}

fungsi kira_cukai(pendapatan: Nombor) -> Nombor kesan Bersih {
    // This function is intended to remain pure
    // The effect annotation documents that contract
    pulang pendapatan * 0.06;
}

// Dependencies cannot escalate effects without explicit permission
// A crypto library cannot secretly open network connections

Bahasa Melayu Syntax

RIINA uses Bahasa Melayu (Malaysian Malay) keywords — the first systems programming language with native Southeast Asian syntax.

RIINA English Example
fungsi fn fungsi tambah(x: Nombor) -> Nombor
biar let biar nama = "Ahmad";
kalau if kalau x > 0 { ... }
lain else lain { ... }
untuk for untuk x dalam senarai { ... }
selagi while selagi aktif { ... }
pulang return pulang hasil;
padan match padan nilai { ... }
rahsia secret biar kunci: Rahsia<Teks>
dedah declassify dedah(nilai)
kesan effect kesan IO
bersih pure kesan Bersih
betul / salah true / false Boolean values
ubah mut biar ubah x = 0;

You don't need to speak Malay to use RIINA. The keywords are consistent, short, and learnable in an afternoon. But if you do speak Malay, this is the first language that speaks your language.


What's Been Built

This is not a whitepaper. This is working software.

Formal Proofs — Current Verified State

Prover What is actually proven Notes
Rocq 9.2 (Primary) 12,613 Qed in the active build; 0 Admitted, 0 Axiom, 0 Abort The only fully mechanized lane. Caveat: the active build also contains 30 Parameter declarations (logically equivalent to axioms in Coq), the propositional ones modelling the trusted hardware interface — see PROOF_STATUS.md
Lean 4 215 theorems across 7 files actually elaborate (measured 2026-06-01, Lean 4.16.0; self-contained Domains/Verified* files — the core type-safety files do not compile) The other ~12,360 declarations are transpiler-generated with placeholder tactics (simp_all [Bool.and_eq_true], in 304 files) that do not prove their goals; lake build RIINA passes only because its default target is a 0-theorem shim. See 02_FORMAL/lean/COMPILATION_STATUS.md. Claim level: generated, not mechanized
Isabelle/HOL RIINA_CORE smoke session — unverified (smokeBuildOk:false; toolchain download 403 here) 368 .thy files total, machine-generated from Coq; remainder unverified generated corpora
F* Effectively nothing 315 .fst files, but admit() appears ~12,010 times — nearly every lemma body is admit (). Generated, not proven
TLA+ / Alloy / SMT 1 small hand-written smoke artifact each Remainder are generated per-domain mirrors; only a handful have runnable configs
Verus / Kani / TV None Explicitly quarantined (quarantined: true in metrics.json); generated stubs

Honest scope:

  • Only the Coq active lane constitutes real machine-checked verification (and even it rests on 30 Parameter assumptions).
  • The Lean, Isabelle, F*, TLA+, Alloy, SMT, Verus, Kani, and TV trees were produced by scripts/generate-full-stack.py / generate-multiprover.py fanning the Coq tree into other syntaxes. They inflate file/theorem counts but are stubbed (admit/placeholder tactics) or are single small smoke artifacts — not nine additional independent verifications.
  • Core Coq theorems cover foundations, type safety, effects, non-interference, declassification, and termination. Many domain Coq files are formal models/specifications, not compiler-enforced guarantees.
  • See website/public/metrics.json for per-lane claim levels (the authoritative source of truth).

Compiler & Toolchain (Rust)

Metric Value
Rust crates 19 proto + 5 tooling = 24
Test count 2,479 proto + 248 tooling = 2,727 (all passing)
External dependencies 0 at runtime
Lines of Rust ~73,500 (proto)
Standard library builtins 88 across 9 modules

Crates:

Crate Purpose
riinac Compiler driver — check, run, build, emit-c, emit-ir, repl, fmt, doc, lsp, verify, pkg
riina-lexer Tokenizer with 70+ bilingual keywords
riina-parser AST construction
riina-types Type system definitions (22 types, 17 effects, 6 security levels)
riina-typechecker Type inference and checking
riina-codegen IR lowering, C/WASM/mobile code generation, interpreter, FFI
riina-wasm WASM playground library (in-browser compiler via cdylib)
riina-fmt Code formatter
riina-lsp Language Server Protocol (VS Code integration)
riina-doc HTML documentation generator
riina-pkg Package manager (SemVer resolution, SHA-256 integrity, effect escalation checking)
riina-arena Memory arena allocator
riina-span Source location tracking
riina-symbols String interning
riina-compliance Industry compliance validation (15 profiles, audit report generator)

Developer Tools

  • VS Code extension — Syntax highlighting, 12 code snippets, LSP integration
  • Formatterriinac fmt for consistent code style
  • Doc generatorriinac doc produces HTML documentation
  • LSP server — Diagnostics, hover info, keyword completion
  • Package managerriinac pkg init/add/remove/lock/build/publish/list/tree/clean
  • Verification gateriinac verify --fast (zero-trust: runs tests, clippy, Coq audit)
  • Docker image — Multi-stage build, ~85MB runtime image
  • Nix flakenix run github:ib823/riina or nix develop for full dev shell
  • Release scriptsscripts/release.sh (one-command release: bump, tag, tarball, GitHub Release, deploy website), scripts/bump-version.sh, scripts/install.sh
  • Website — 15-page site at ib823.github.io/riina — includes "Why Proof" executive page, 15 industry verticals, Releases page; deployed via scripts/deploy-website.sh
  • REPL — Interactive mode for experimentation

Example Programs

155 example .rii files across 18 category directories (security, effects, compliance, design patterns, FFI, AI context, JALINAN, showcase, and more).

Parser-support caveat (honest): Many of these examples — including most of 00_basics/ — use a multi-statement block-body function form that the shipped parser does not yet accept; only ~19 currently pass riinac check. They document the intended language surface. See 07_EXAMPLES/README.md for exactly which forms compile today and a list of the verified-working examples.

Cryptographic Tooling

The 05_TOOLING/ workspace contains 35,000+ lines of hand-written cryptographic primitives:

  • Symmetric: AES-256, SHA-256 (FIPS 180-4), HMAC, ChaCha20-Poly1305
  • Asymmetric: X25519, Ed25519 (interfaces + partial implementations)
  • Post-quantum: ML-KEM-768 — ✅ FIPS 203 compliant (byte-exact vs authentic NIST ACVP keyGen + encapDecap) and ML-DSA-65 — ✅ FIPS 204 compliant (byte/behaviour-exact vs NIST ACVP keyGen + sigGen + sigVer). Hand-rolled, zero external crypto deps — see reports/precrypto_audit_secondmodel.md
  • Zero external crypto dependencies — everything auditable from source

Repository Structure

riina/
├── 02_FORMAL/coq/         317 Coq proof files (277 active)
│   ├── foundations/        Core language semantics
│   ├── type_system/        Progress, Preservation, Type Safety
│   ├── properties/         Non-Interference, Declassification, Composition
│   ├── effects/            Effect algebra and gate proofs
│   ├── domains/            201 domain-specific proofs (R-Z, Σ, compliance)
│   ├── termination/        Strong normalization, sized types
│   ├── compliance/         DO-178C, ISO-26262, Common Criteria models
│   └── Industries/         Regulatory/domain formal models
│
├── 02_FORMAL/lean/          Lean 4 (generated from Coq; 215 thms across 7 files elaborate, rest placeholder tactics)
│   └── RIINA/               See COMPILATION_STATUS.md for the honest per-file state
│
├── 02_FORMAL/isabelle/      Isabelle/HOL (368 .thy, generated; smoke theory unverified)
├── 02_FORMAL/tlaplus/       TLA+ (317 .tla, generated; 1 smoke spec TLC-checked)
│   └── ...                  (F*, alloy, smt, verus, kani, tv: generated/quarantined — see metrics.json)
│
├── 03_PROTO/               Rust compiler (19 crates, 2,479 tests, 0 deps)
│   └── crates/
│       ├── riinac/         Compiler driver (11 subcommands)
│       ├── riina-lexer/    Tokenizer
│       ├── riina-parser/   Parser
│       ├── riina-types/    Type system
│       ├── riina-typechecker/
│       ├── riina-codegen/  IR + C backend + interpreter
│       ├── riina-pkg/      Package manager
│       ├── riina-fmt/      Formatter
│       ├── riina-lsp/      Language server
│       ├── riina-doc/      Doc generator
│       ├── riina-arena/    Memory allocator
│       ├── riina-span/     Source spans
│       ├── riina-symbols/  String interning
│       └── riina-compliance/ Compliance profile validator
│
├── 04_SPECS/               Language specifications, compliance specs
├── 05_TOOLING/             Crypto primitives, build system (35K lines Rust)
├── 07_EXAMPLES/            155 example .rii files
├── docs/                   Enterprise docs, multilingual READMEs
├── VERSION                 Semver source of truth (0.3.0)
├── CHANGELOG.md            Public-facing changelog
├── website/                15-page Vite/React website (Why Proof, Enterprise, Playground, etc.)
├── scripts/                Build, install, release, deploy, sync scripts
└── riina-vscode/           VS Code extension

Research Scope

Every research track in 01_RESEARCH/ (55 domains, A through AJ, plus Greek letter tracks) has corresponding Coq proofs in the active build. 100% coverage, verified by audit.

Track Domain Coq Proofs Status
A Core type system, non-interference 55 files (38K lines) Proven
R Certified compilation (translation validation) 1 file (955 lines) Proven
S Hardware contracts (CPU side-channel models) 1 file (560 lines) Proven
T Hermetic build (binary bootstrap verification) 1 file (502 lines) Proven
U Runtime guardian (verified micro-hypervisor) 1 file (604 lines) Proven
V Termination guarantees (strong normalization — recursion-free core; general recursion is type-safe but not normalizing, REQ-44) 6 files (3K lines) Proven (scoped)
W Verified memory (separation logic) 1 file (739 lines) Proven
X Concurrency (session types, data-race freedom) 1 file (750 lines) Proven
Y Verified standard library 1 file (780 lines) Proven
Z Declassification policy (budgets, robust) 1 file (665 lines) Proven
Σ Verified persistent storage 1 file (712 lines) Proven
Industry compliance (15 jurisdictions) 15 files (2K lines) Proven
Domain security (timing, protocols, hardware, ...) 183 files (76K lines) Proven
Π Verified performance (WCET, SIMD, lock-free) 1 file (470 lines) Proven
Δ Verified distribution (Raft, BFT, CRDTs) 1 file (500 lines) Proven
Ω Network defense (rate limiting, SYN cookies) 1 file (530 lines) Proven
Ψ Operational security (Shamir, duress, dead man) 1 file (560 lines) Proven
L FFI boundary safety, attack surface research 1 file (17 Qed) Proven
Mobile OS security (27 subsystems) 27 files Proven
Security foundations (boot, IOMMU, crypto) 11 files Proven
UI/UX accessibility and safety 7 files Proven
Capital markets (order matching, settlement) 1 file (15 Qed) Proven
Physical systems security (sensors, timing) 1 file (16 Qed) Proven

Current Status

Build: Passing. Verification: 12,678 Coq Qed (compiled, 0 Admitted, 0 active axioms) — Coq is the only mechanized lane | 3360 Rust tests | the other prover trees are machine-generated (claim-level tracked, not independent verification)

Area Status
Core compiler Lexer/parser/typechecker/codegen/interpreter build and pass 2,727 tests; end-to-end security alignment still in progress
Standard library and tools Implemented and test-covered
Formal verification Coq active lane is the only real machine-checked verification (0 admit/0 axiom, modulo 30 Parameter assumptions). Lean/Isabelle/F*/TLA+/Alloy/SMT/Verus/Kani/TV are generated from Coq and are stubbed or single smoke artifacts — see 02_FORMAL/lean/COMPILATION_STATUS.md and metrics.json
WASM/mobile backends Present as scaffolding, not full production backends
Example programs Many .rii examples use a block-statement syntax the shipped parser does not yet accept; see 07_EXAMPLES/README.md for which forms currently compile

What's next

  • Compiler alignment: Switch the shipped compiler path to the Coq-matching checker.
  • Axiom status: Active Coq build has Axiom = 0 and Admitted = 0, but carries 30 Parameter declarations that are axioms in all but name (the propositional ones model the trusted hardware interface). These are the de-facto trusted assumptions; see PROOF_STATUS.md.
  • Multi-prover honesty (Gate D): The 9 non-Coq prover trees are generated/stubbed. The roadmap is to either industrialize them or retract the "multi-prover" framing — tracked as REQ-29.
  • Compliance system: --compliance exposes 15 profile names today, but only 3 have implemented heuristic checks so far.

Security & Verification

RIINA uses compiler-integrated fast checks plus repository-level proof and audit flows. Not every formal verification lane runs inside riinac itself.

riinac verify --fast    # Tests + clippy (runs on every commit via pre-commit hook)
riinac verify --full    # + proof/tooling scans used by the repo hooks

Git hooks enforce verification automatically:

  • Pre-commit: riinac verify --fast blocks commits with failing tests
  • Pre-push: riinac verify --full + GPG signature check + secret detection + Trojan source scan

Install hooks: ./00_SETUP/scripts/install_hooks.sh

Deep verification (manual, 7 levels): bash 05_TOOLING/scripts/verify.sh [0-6]

Verification is enforced automatically via git hooks installed by ./00_SETUP/scripts/install_hooks.sh.


Contributing

RIINA is source-available under the RIINA Proprietary License.

# Clone and set up
git clone https://github.com/ib823/riina.git
cd riina

# Verify environment
bash 00_SETUP/scripts/verify_setup.sh

# Build compiler
cd 03_PROTO && cargo build --release -p riinac && cd ..

# Run all tests
cd 03_PROTO && cargo test --all && cd ..

# Check a .rii file
./03_PROTO/target/release/riinac check 07_EXAMPLES/hello_dunia.rii

# Run the REPL
./03_PROTO/target/release/riinac repl

# Run the verification gate
./03_PROTO/target/release/riinac verify --fast

# Install git hooks (recommended for contributors)
./00_SETUP/scripts/install_hooks.sh

Read CONTRIBUTING.md for detailed development instructions and coding standards.


FAQ

Is RIINA production-ready? The compiler, proofs, and toolchain are functional, but the project is not finished. The repository has passed Phase 4 of the master plan. You can write, compile, and run RIINA programs today, but end-to-end alignment between the shipped compiler and the full proof corpus is still in progress.

Do I need to know Bahasa Melayu? No. The keywords are short and consistent — fungsi (function), biar (let), kalau (if), pulang (return). You'll learn them in minutes. A cheatsheet is included.

Do I need to understand Coq or formal verification? No. You can use the language without reading the proofs. Some guarantees are enforced directly by the compiler today, while the broader proof corpus is there for auditability and future compiler alignment.

Why zero external dependencies? Trust. Every line of RIINA — compiler, crypto, standard library — is auditable from source. No supply chain attacks. No dependency confusion. No left-pad incidents.

Why Bahasa Melayu? RIINA developed by Malaysians for the world. Programming languages have been English-only for 70 years. RIINA proves that formal verification and native-language syntax are not mutually exclusive. If a language can be proven correct, it can be proven correct in any language.

How does RIINA compare to SPARK/Ada? SPARK ships mature compile-time proof integration for a well-defined Ada subset. RIINA's research scope includes information flow, effects, and declassification, but the shipped compiler is not yet aligned with the full proof corpus. Today the comparison is strongest at the level of formal ambition and proof inventory, not end-to-end enforcement maturity.


RIINA — Rigorous Immutable Invariant, No Assumptions

Q.E.D. Aeternum.


RIINA™ is a trademark of The RIINA Authors. First use in commerce: February 2026. All rights reserved.

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Formally verified programming language with security properties proven in Coq. Zero external dependencies. Thousands theorems. 0 admits.

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