Add kernel math function support

[LubuSeb]

Closes #2942.

Summary

• add C++ AST lowering for asin, acos, and atan, including float overloads
• add Python AST bridge lowering for real-valued NumPy tan, asin, acos, atan, and log
• add focused C++ FileCheck and Python kernel tests for the newly covered math functions

Reproduction / scope

The bounty issue asks for continuous mathematical function support in CUDA-Q kernels. Existing C++ lowering already handled several functions through visitMathLibFunc; this change extends that same path for inverse trig functions. Python lowering already mapped selected NumPy calls through the AST bridge; this change adds the missing real-valued operations there while leaving untested complex inverse trig/log/tan support out of scope.

Minimality

This is limited to the existing lowering tables/switches and targeted tests. It does not refactor the frontend, broaden discrete-control support, or add backend-specific behavior.

Validation

• python -m py_compile python/cudaq/kernel/ast_bridge.py python/tests/kernel/test_kernel_float.py
• git diff --cached --check
• Local standalone <cmath> syntax smoke check for the float overload names used by the new C++ test

Not run locally: CUDA-Q native lit/runtime tests, because the local environment does not have the CUDA-Q compiler/test toolchain installed.

AI assistance disclosure

I used AI assistance to inspect the codebase and draft parts of this change; I reviewed the final patch and validation results before submission.

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[sacpis]

/ok to test 157f60f

Command Bot: Processing...

[github-actions]

CI Summary (push) — ❌ failed

Run #27292583323 · ✅ 5 · ⏩ 7 · ❌ 1 · ⛔ 0

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Job	Result
binaries	⏩ skipped
build_and_test	❌ failure
config_devdeps	✅ success
config_source_build	⏩ skipped
config_wheeldeps	✅ success
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metadata	✅ success
python_metapackages	⏩ skipped
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source_build	⏩ skipped
wheeldeps	✅ success

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Job
binaries
config_source_build
docker_image
gen_code_coverage
python_metapackages
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source_build

All sub-jobs (42) — every matrix leg, with links

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Build and test (amd64, gcc12, openmpi) / Dev environment (Python)	❌ failure	view