diff --git a/src/Starling.Js/Parse/JsParser.Modules.cs b/src/Starling.Js/Parse/JsParser.Modules.cs
index 17d62814..2c348347 100644
--- a/src/Starling.Js/Parse/JsParser.Modules.cs
+++ b/src/Starling.Js/Parse/JsParser.Modules.cs
@@ -22,14 +22,29 @@ private Statement ParseProgramStatement()
             var next = _lex.Peek().Kind;
             if (next is JsTokenKind.LParen or JsTokenKind.Dot)
                 return ParseStatement();
+            // §16.2.2 — a static ImportDeclaration is a module-only production.
+            // In a script (the default goal) a top-level `import …` is an early
+            // SyntaxError (sec-scripts: a ScriptBody is just a StatementList,
+            // which contains no module items).
+            if (!_module)
+                throw new JsParseException(
+                    "import declarations may only appear at the top level of a module",
+                    _current.Start);
             return ParseImportDeclaration();
         }
 
-        return _current.Kind switch
+        if (_current.Kind == JsTokenKind.Export)
         {
-            JsTokenKind.Export => ParseExportDeclaration(),
-            _ => ParseStatement(),
-        };
+            // §16.2.3 — ExportDeclaration is module-only; a top-level `export …`
+            // in a script is an early SyntaxError for the same reason.
+            if (!_module)
+                throw new JsParseException(
+                    "export declarations may only appear at the top level of a module",
+                    _current.Start);
+            return ParseExportDeclaration();
+        }
+
+        return ParseStatement();
     }
 
     /// <summary>wp:M3-03c — parse the expression-context forms of <c>import</c>:
diff --git a/tests/Starling.Js.Tests/Parse/JsParserModuleTests.cs b/tests/Starling.Js.Tests/Parse/JsParserModuleTests.cs
index 00a5e724..a48ccaf6 100644
--- a/tests/Starling.Js.Tests/Parse/JsParserModuleTests.cs
+++ b/tests/Starling.Js.Tests/Parse/JsParserModuleTests.cs
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ public void Import_named_empty_list()
 
     [TestMethod]
     public void Import_allows_asi_after_source()
-        => ParseProgram("import x from 'm'\nimport y from 'n'").Body.Should().HaveCount(2);
+        => ParseModule("import x from 'm'\nimport y from 'n'").Body.Should().HaveCount(2);
 
     [TestMethod]
     public void Import_missing_from_throws()
@@ -146,7 +146,10 @@ public void Export_class_declaration()
     [TestMethod]
     public void Export_named_list()
     {
-        var export = ParseSingle<ExportNamedDeclaration>("export { a, b as c, default as d };");
+        // The local names must be declared in the module, else the export is an
+        // early error ("export X is not defined in module").
+        var body = ParseModule("let a, b, d; export { a, b as c, d };").Body;
+        var export = body[^1].Should().BeOfType<ExportNamedDeclaration>().Subject;
         export.Source.Should().BeNull();
         export.Specifiers.Should().HaveCount(3);
         ((Identifier)export.Specifiers[1].Exported).Name.Should().Be("c");
@@ -155,7 +158,8 @@ public void Export_named_list()
     [TestMethod]
     public void Export_named_list_with_string_export_name()
     {
-        var spec = ParseSingle<ExportNamedDeclaration>("export { internal as 'public-name' };")
+        var body = ParseModule("let internal; export { internal as 'public-name' };").Body;
+        var spec = body[^1].Should().BeOfType<ExportNamedDeclaration>().Subject
             .Specifiers.Should().ContainSingle().Subject;
         ((Identifier)spec.Local).Name.Should().Be("internal");
         ((StringLiteral)spec.Exported).Value.Should().Be("public-name");
@@ -236,23 +240,62 @@ public void Export_declaration_is_top_level_only()
     [TestMethod]
     public void Program_can_mix_imports_exports_and_statements()
     {
-        var program = ParseProgram("import x from 'm'; export { x }; x();");
+        var program = ParseModule("import x from 'm'; export { x }; x();");
         program.Body[0].Should().BeOfType<ImportDeclaration>();
         program.Body[1].Should().BeOfType<ExportNamedDeclaration>();
         program.Body[2].Should().BeOfType<ExpressionStatement>();
     }
 
+    // Static import/export are module-only productions (§16.2). In a script (the
+    // default goal) a top-level import/export is an early SyntaxError.
+    [TestMethod]
+    public void Script_import_declaration_throws()
+        => FailsAsScript("import x from 'mod';");
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    public void Script_side_effect_import_throws()
+        => FailsAsScript("import 'polyfill';");
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    public void Script_export_named_throws()
+        => FailsAsScript("var x; export { x };");
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    public void Script_export_default_throws()
+        => FailsAsScript("export default 1;");
+
+    [TestMethod]
+    public void Script_export_local_declaration_throws()
+        => FailsAsScript("export const a = 1;");
+
+    // import(...) is an expression form, not a module item, so it parses in a script.
+    [TestMethod]
+    public void Script_dynamic_import_call_parses()
+    {
+        var stmt = ParseScript("import('mod');").Body.Should().ContainSingle().Subject;
+        stmt.Should().BeOfType<ExpressionStatement>()
+            .Which.Expression.Should().BeOfType<ImportCallExpression>();
+    }
+
     private static T ParseSingle<T>(string source) where T : Statement
     {
-        var statement = ParseProgram(source).Body.Should().ContainSingle().Subject;
+        var statement = ParseModule(source).Body.Should().ContainSingle().Subject;
         return statement.Should().BeOfType<T>().Subject;
     }
 
-    private static Program ParseProgram(string source) => new JsParser(source).ParseProgram();
+    private static Program ParseModule(string source) => new JsParser(source).ParseModule();
+
+    private static Program ParseScript(string source) => new JsParser(source).ParseProgram();
 
     private static void Fails(string source)
     {
-        var act = () => ParseProgram(source);
+        var act = () => ParseModule(source);
+        act.Should().Throw<JsParseException>();
+    }
+
+    private static void FailsAsScript(string source)
+    {
+        var act = () => ParseScript(source);
         act.Should().Throw<JsParseException>();
     }
 }