From 9a2943eb1ade02c97e6f25da43e03be14a0e687e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: pavankumarag <pavankumar.ag@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 13:24:44 +0530
Subject: [PATCH] Create PRVENO-000946761_binary_search.py

---
 .../PRVENO-000946761_binary_search.py         | 97 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 97 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 iit_patna/backtracking/PRVENO-000946761_binary_search.py

diff --git a/iit_patna/backtracking/PRVENO-000946761_binary_search.py b/iit_patna/backtracking/PRVENO-000946761_binary_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d727b6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iit_patna/backtracking/PRVENO-000946761_binary_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+def binary_search(a, ele, occurence="default"):
+    '''
+    This is a extended binay search program which covers the following things
+    1. to search for element in a duplicate list 
+    2. to search first or last occurence in a list having duplicate element
+    3. guard rails when empty list is passed
+    4. guatd rails when anything other than list data type is passed
+    The code is self explanatory in a way of calculating mid and search till low <= high.
+    Please note the time complexities of first and last occurence calculation is more than O(logn) as we need to search in extended left/right list
+    However for default occurence the time complexity if O(logn)
+    '''
+    if len(a) <= 0:
+        raise Exception("Its not possibel to search in empty list")
+    if type(a) != list:
+        raise Exception("This Binary search currently supports to search in list data type only")
+    low = 0
+    high = len(a) - 1
+    index = -1
+    while low <= high:
+        mid = int((low + high) / 2)
+        if a[mid] == ele:
+            index = mid
+            if occurence == "default":
+                return index
+            elif occurence == "first":
+                high = mid -1
+            elif occurence == "last":
+                low = mid + 1
+        elif ele > a[mid]:
+            low = mid + 1
+        else:
+            high = mid - 1
+    return index
+
+def binary_search_rec(a, low, high, ele, ri=-1, occurence="default"):
+    '''
+    This is the recursive implementation of binary search with first and last occurence support
+    '''
+    if low <= high:
+        mid = int((low + high)/2)
+        if a[mid] == ele:
+            if occurence == "default":
+                return mid
+            elif occurence == "first": # then search in left list
+                return binary_search_rec(a, low, mid-1, ele, ri=mid, occurence=occurence)
+            elif occurence == "last": # then search in right list
+                return binary_search_rec(a, mid+1, high, ele, ri=mid, occurence=occurence)
+        elif ele > a[mid]:
+            return binary_search_rec(a, mid+1, high, ele, ri, occurence)
+        else:
+            return binary_search_rec(a, low, mid-1, ele, ri, occurence)
+    else:
+        return ri
+
+if __name__=="__main__":
+    def execution():
+        #Execution details
+        length = int(input("Enter the length of the list\n"))
+        _elements = input("Enter the elements of the list\n")
+        list_str_elements = _elements.split(' ')
+        list_int_elements = [int(ele) for ele in list_str_elements]
+        print(list_int_elements)
+        queries = int(input("Enter the number fo queries to be executed\n"))
+        for _ in range(queries):
+            search_element = int(input("Enter the search element\n"))
+            index = binary_search(list_int_elements, search_element)
+            if index != -1 :
+                print("Element found at {} index".format(index))
+            else:
+                print("Element NOT found {}".format(index))
+    
+    def test_case1():
+        '''
+        Test case 1 - Printing the last occurence in a list having duplicate elements
+        '''
+        a = [3,8,12,12,12,12,14,14,16]
+        ele = 14
+        print(binary_search(a, ele, occurence="last"))
+    def test_case2():
+        '''
+        Test case 2 - Search for a non existent element
+        '''
+        a = [3,8,12,12,12,12,14,14,16]
+        ele = 13
+        print(binary_search(a, ele))
+    
+    def test_case3():
+        '''
+        Test case 2 - Corner case passing an empty list
+        '''
+        a = []
+        ele = 13
+        print(binary_search(a, ele))
+    execution()
+    test_case1()
+    test_case2()
+    test_case3()