diff --git a/src/main/scala/splatter/parsing.scala b/src/main/scala/splatter/parsing.scala
index e1c20cf..766d9b2 100644
--- a/src/main/scala/splatter/parsing.scala
+++ b/src/main/scala/splatter/parsing.scala
@@ -105,5 +105,4 @@ object parsing:
         a
   
     def keyword(word: String): P[String] =
-      token(string(word))    
-  
\ No newline at end of file
+      token(string(word))
diff --git a/src/main/scala/splatter/stutter.scala b/src/main/scala/splatter/stutter.scala
index 4ba0fc8..24a0f44 100644
--- a/src/main/scala/splatter/stutter.scala
+++ b/src/main/scala/splatter/stutter.scala
@@ -21,12 +21,10 @@ case class Lisp(subs: Seq[Expr]) extends Expr:
   def isAtom: Boolean  = false
   def isLisp: Boolean  = true
   def isEmpty: Boolean = subs.isEmpty
-
   override def toString: String = subs.mkString("(", " ", ")")
 
 sealed trait Extractable[T]:
   def extract: PartialFunction[Expr,T]
-
   def unapply(e: Expr): Option[T] = extract.lift(e)
   def is(e: Expr): Boolean        = unapply(e).isDefined
 
diff --git a/src/test/scala/splatter/stutter/ExpressionAxioms.scala b/src/test/scala/splatter/stutter/ExpressionAxioms.scala
index 1137e37..0ff2865 100644
--- a/src/test/scala/splatter/stutter/ExpressionAxioms.scala
+++ b/src/test/scala/splatter/stutter/ExpressionAxioms.scala
@@ -5,42 +5,41 @@ import org.scalatest.funspec.AnyFunSpec
 import org.scalatest.matchers.should.Matchers._
 
 class ExpressionAxioms extends AnyFunSpec:
-  describe("Expression axioms") {
+  describe("Expression axioms"):
     import Parser._
-    it("quote expressions should yield the quoted expression") {
+    it("quote expressions should yield the quoted expression"):
       eval("(quote a)").toString       should be ("a")
       eval("'a").toString              should be ("a")
       eval("(quote (a b c))").toString should be ("(a b c)")
-    }
-    it("atom expressions should yield the atom `t` if the argument yields an atom or the empty list") {
+      
+    it("atom expressions should yield the atom `t` if the argument yields an atom or the empty list"):
       eval("(atom 'a)").toString        should be ("t")
       eval("(atom '())").toString       should be ("t")
       eval("(atom (atom 'a))").toString should be ("t")
-    }
-    it("atom expression should yield the empty list if the argument does not yield an atom or the empty list") {
+      
+    it("atom expression should yield the empty list if the argument does not yield an atom or the empty list"):
       eval("(atom '(atom a))").toString should be ("()")
       eval("(atom '(a b c))").toString  should be ("()")
-    }
-    it("eq expression should yield the atom `t` if both arguments yield the same atom or both the empty list") {
+    
+    it("eq expression should yield the atom `t` if both arguments yield the same atom or both the empty list"):
       eval("(eq 'a 'a)").toString   should be ("t")
       eval("(eq '() '())").toString should be ("t")
-    }
-    it("eq expression should yield the empty list if both arguments do not yield the same atom or the empty list") {
+    
+    it("eq expression should yield the empty list if both arguments do not yield the same atom or the empty list"):
       eval("(eq 'a 'b)").toString should be ("()")
-    }
-    it("car expression should yield the first element of its argument list") {
+    
+    it("car expression should yield the first element of its argument list"):
       eval("(car '(a b c))").toString should be ("a")
-    }
-    it("cdr expression should yield everything after the first element of its argument list") {
+    
+    it("cdr expression should yield everything after the first element of its argument list"):
       eval("(cdr '(a b c))").toString should be ("(b c)")
-    }
-    it("cons expression should return a list containing the value of its first argument followed by the elements of the value of its second argument") {
+    
+    it("cons expression should return a list containing the value of its first argument followed by the elements of the value of its second argument"):
       eval("(cons 'a '(b c))").toString should be ("(a b c)")
       eval("(cons 'a (cons 'b (cons 'c '())))").toString should be ("(a b c)")
       eval("(car (cons 'a '(b c)))").toString should be ("a")
       eval("(cdr (cons 'a '(b c)))").toString should be ("(b c)")
-    }
-    it("cond expression (cond (p1 e1)...(pn en)) is evaluated as follows; the p expressions are evaluated in order until one returns t; when one is found, the value of the corresponding e expression is returned as the value of the whole cond expression.") {
+    
+    it("cond expression (cond (p1 e1)...(pn en)) is evaluated as follows; the p expressions are evaluated in order until one returns t; when one is found, the value of the corresponding e expression is returned as the value of the whole cond expression."):
       eval("(cond ((eq 'a 'b) 'first) ((atom 'a) 'second))").toString should be ("second")
-    }
-  }
+    
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/test/scala/splatter/stutter/FunctionCallSpec.scala b/src/test/scala/splatter/stutter/FunctionCallSpec.scala
index c0e187f..619e402 100644
--- a/src/test/scala/splatter/stutter/FunctionCallSpec.scala
+++ b/src/test/scala/splatter/stutter/FunctionCallSpec.scala
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ import org.scalatest.matchers.should.Matchers._
 
 class FunctionCallSpec extends AnyFunSpec:
   import Parser._
-  describe("A function call") {
-    it("works as specified in chapter 2 of roots of lisp...") {
+  describe("A function call"):
+    it("works as specified in chapter 2 of roots of lisp..."):
       eval(
           """
             |  ((lambda (x) (cons x '(b)))
@@ -22,18 +22,18 @@ class FunctionCallSpec extends AnyFunSpec:
             |    '(a b c))
             |
           """.stripMargin) should be (parseLisp("(z b c)"))
-    }
-    it("treats parameters as operators in expressions as well as arguments") {
+    
+    it("treats parameters as operators in expressions as well as arguments"):
       eval(
           """
           |  ((lambda (f) (f '(b c)))
           |    ’(lambda (x) (cons 'a x)))
           |
         """.stripMargin) should be (parseLisp("(a b c)"))
-    }
-  }
-  describe("structural expression replacement") {
-    it("replaces expressions recursively, though maintains structural composition") {
+    
+  
+  describe("structural expression replacement"):
+    it("replaces expressions recursively, though maintains structural composition"):
       replace(parseLisp("(a b (c d (e) f) (g) h)"), Map(
         Atom("a") -> Atom("A"),
         Atom("b") -> Atom("B"),
@@ -44,5 +44,3 @@ class FunctionCallSpec extends AnyFunSpec:
         Atom("g") -> Lisp(Nil),
         Atom("h") -> Atom("H")
       )) should be (parseLisp("(A B (C (DA DB) (E) F) (()) H)"))
-    }
-  }
diff --git a/src/test/scala/splatter/stutter/ParserSpec.scala b/src/test/scala/splatter/stutter/ParserSpec.scala
index aecdd1f..89ad3c3 100644
--- a/src/test/scala/splatter/stutter/ParserSpec.scala
+++ b/src/test/scala/splatter/stutter/ParserSpec.scala
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ import org.scalatest.matchers.should.Matchers._
 
 class ParserSpec extends AnyFunSpec:
   import Parser._
-  describe("Parser") {
-    it("should parse atoms") {
+  describe("Parser"):
+    it("should parse atoms"):
       parseLisp("foo") should be(
         Atom("foo"))
-    }
-    it("should parse lists") {
+    
+    it("should parse lists"):
       parseLisp("()") should be(
         Lisp(Nil))
       parseLisp("(foo)") should be(
@@ -20,18 +20,18 @@ class ParserSpec extends AnyFunSpec:
         Lisp(Seq(Atom("foo"), Atom("bar"))))
       parseLisp("(a b (c) d)") should be(
         Lisp(Seq(Atom("a"), Atom("b"), Lisp(Seq(Atom("c"))), Atom("d"))))
-    }
-    it("should parse normal single ' quotes on atoms and lists") {
+    
+    it("should parse normal single ' quotes on atoms and lists"):
       parseLisp("'a") should be(
         Lisp(Seq(Atom("quote"), Atom("a"))))
       parseLisp("'(a b c)") should be(
         Lisp(Seq(Atom("quote"), Lisp(Seq(Atom("a"), Atom("b"), Atom("c"))))))
-    }
-    it("should parse ugly, copy-paste, english, burn your fingers, sharp ’ quotes") {
+    
+    it("should parse ugly, copy-paste, english, burn your fingers, sharp ’ quotes"):
       parseLisp("’a") should be(
         Lisp(Seq(Atom("quote"), Atom("a"))))
-    }
-    it("should parse complex structures") {
+    
+    it("should parse complex structures"):
       parseLisp("((lambda (x) (cons x '(b))) 'a)") should be(
         Lisp(Seq(
           Lisp(Seq(
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ class ParserSpec extends AnyFunSpec:
           Lisp(Seq(Atom("quote"), Atom("a")))
         ))
       )
-    }
-    it("should handle complex whitespace") {
+    
+    it("should handle complex whitespace"):
       parseLisp("(  a  )") should be (parseLisp("(a)"))
       parseLisp(
         """'(
@@ -59,11 +59,8 @@ class ParserSpec extends AnyFunSpec:
           |     b
           |        c
           |)""".stripMargin) should be(parseLisp("'(a b c)"))
-    }
-
+    
     /* Sanity Checks */
 
-    it("should parse lists recursively") {
+    it("should parse lists recursively"):
       parseLisp("(())") should be(Lisp(Seq(Lisp(Nil))))
-    }
-  }
diff --git a/src/test/scala/splatter/stutter/PrimitiveExpressions.scala b/src/test/scala/splatter/stutter/PrimitiveExpressions.scala
index 7162628..2d8563a 100644
--- a/src/test/scala/splatter/stutter/PrimitiveExpressions.scala
+++ b/src/test/scala/splatter/stutter/PrimitiveExpressions.scala
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ import org.scalatest.matchers.should.Matchers._
 
 class PrimitiveExpressions extends AnyFunSpec:
   import Parser._
-  describe("Primitive expressions") {
-    it("should be differentiable") {
+  describe("Primitive expressions"):
+    it("should be differentiable"):
       Seq(
         parseLisp("(atom foo)"),
         parseLisp("(quote bar)"),
@@ -30,54 +30,52 @@ class PrimitiveExpressions extends AnyFunSpec:
           }
         ) should be (e.asInstanceOf[Lisp].subs.head.asInstanceOf[Atom].value)
       )
-    }
-    it("quote expressions should be constructable") {
+
+    it("quote expressions should be constructable"):
       Lisp(Seq(QuoteLit.Op, Atom("foo"))) should be (parseLisp("(quote foo)"))
-    }
-    it("quote expressions should be extractable") {
+
+    it("quote expressions should be extractable"):
       ((parseLisp("(quote foo)") : @unchecked) match { case Lisp(Seq(QuoteLit.Op, foo)) => foo }) should be (parseLisp("foo"))
       ((parseLisp("(quote foo)") : @unchecked) match { case QuoteLit(foo)               => foo }) should be (parseLisp("foo"))
-    }
-    it("atom expressions should be constructable") {
+
+    it("atom expressions should be constructable"):
       Lisp(Seq(AtomLit.Op, Atom("foo"))) should be (parseLisp("(atom foo)"))
-    }
-    it("atom expressions should be extractable") {
+
+    it("atom expressions should be extractable"):
       ((parseLisp("(atom foo)") : @unchecked) match { case Lisp(Seq(AtomLit.Op, foo)) => foo }) should be (parseLisp("foo"))
       ((parseLisp("(atom foo)") : @unchecked) match { case AtomLit(foo)               => foo }) should be (parseLisp("foo"))
-    }
-    it("eq expressions should be constructable") {
+
+    it("eq expressions should be constructable"):
       Lisp(Seq(EqLit.Op, Atom("foo"), Atom("bar"))) should be (parseLisp("(eq foo bar)"))
-    }
-    it("eq expressions should be extractable") {
+
+    it("eq expressions should be extractable"):
       ((parseLisp("(eq foo bar)") : @unchecked) match { case Lisp(Seq(EqLit.Op, foo, bar)) => (foo,bar) }) should be ((parseLisp("foo"), parseLisp("bar")))
       ((parseLisp("(eq foo bar)") : @unchecked) match { case EqLit(foo, bar)               => (foo,bar) }) should be ((parseLisp("foo"), parseLisp("bar")))
-    }
-    it("car expressions should be constructable") {
+
+    it("car expressions should be constructable"):
       Lisp(Seq(CarLit.Op, Lisp(Seq(Atom("foo"), Atom("bar"))))) should be (parseLisp("(car (foo bar))"))
-    }
-    it("car expressions should be extractable") {
+
+    it("car expressions should be extractable"):
       ((parseLisp("(car (foo bar))") : @unchecked) match { case Lisp(Seq(CarLit.Op, arg)) => arg }) should be (parseLisp("(foo bar)"))
       ((parseLisp("(car (foo bar))") : @unchecked) match { case CarLit(arg)               => arg }) should be (parseLisp("(foo bar)"))
-    }
-    it("cdr expressions should be constructable") {
+
+    it("cdr expressions should be constructable"):
       Lisp(Seq(CdrLit.Op, (Lisp(Seq(Atom("foo"), Atom("bar")))))) should be (parseLisp("(cdr (foo bar))"))
-    }
-    it("cdr expressions should be extractable") {
+
+    it("cdr expressions should be extractable"):
       ((parseLisp("(cdr (foo bar))") : @unchecked) match { case Lisp(Seq(CdrLit.Op, arg)) => arg }) should be (parseLisp("(foo bar)"))
       ((parseLisp("(cdr (foo bar))") : @unchecked) match { case CdrLit(arg)               => arg }) should be (parseLisp("(foo bar)"))
-    }
-    it("cons expressions should be constructable") {
+
+    it("cons expressions should be constructable"):
       Lisp(Seq(ConsLit.Op, Lisp(Seq(Atom("foo"))), Lisp(Seq(Atom("bar"))))) should be (parseLisp("(cons (foo) (bar))"))
-    }
-    it("cons expressions should be extractable") {
+
+    it("cons expressions should be extractable"):
       ((parseLisp("(cons (foo) (bar))") : @unchecked) match { case Lisp(Seq(ConsLit.Op, l1, l2)) => (l1, l2) }) should be ((parseLisp("(foo)"), parseLisp("(bar)")))
       ((parseLisp("(cons (foo) (bar))") : @unchecked) match { case ConsLit(l1, l2)               => (l1, l2) }) should be ((parseLisp("(foo)"), parseLisp("(bar)")))
-    }
-    it("cond expressions should be constructable") {
+
+    it("cond expressions should be constructable"):
       Lisp(Seq(CondLit.Op, Lisp(Seq(Atom("foo"))), Lisp(Seq(Atom("bar"))))) should be (parseLisp("(cond (foo) (bar))"))
-    }
-    it("cond expressions should be extractable") {
+
+    it("cond expressions should be extractable"):
       ((parseLisp("(cond (foo) (bar))") : @unchecked) match { case Lisp(Seq(CondLit.Op, l1, l2)) => (l1, l2) }) should be ((parseLisp("(foo)"), parseLisp("(bar)")))
       ((parseLisp("(cond (foo) (bar))") : @unchecked) match { case CondLit(Seq(l1, l2))          => (l1, l2) }) should be ((parseLisp("(foo)"), parseLisp("(bar)")))
-    }
-  }