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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>Course Material</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mm.css"/>
</head>
<body>
<style>
td.video {
padding: 2px 30px;
}
</style>
<h1 class="center">
<!-- <a class="large" href="#alc">Automata, Languages and Computation</a> | -->
<a class="large" href="#cc">Compiler Construction</a> |
<a class="large" href="#ir">Information Retrieval</a> |
<a class="large" href="programming.html">Introduction to Programming</a> (C) |
<a class="large" href="computing.html">Introduction to Computing</a> (Python) |
<a class="large" href="#os">Operating Systems</a> |
<a class="large" href="index.html">Home</a>
</h1>
<p style="text-align: center; font-size: small">Content updated first on <a href="https://mandarm.github.io"><tt>mandarm.github.io</tt></a>; should propagate to the mirror at <a href="https://www.isical.ac.in/~mandar">ISI</a> every hour.</p>
<!-- ================================================================= -->
<hr/>
<!-- ================================================================= -->
<a name="ir"> </a>
<h2>Information Retrieval</h2>
<ul>
<li><h4>Slides</h4>
<table class="slides">
<tr>
<td width="45%">
<a href="ir/introduction-slides.pdf">Introduction</a><br/>
(overview of indexing, retrieval, Vector Space Model, term-weighting)
</td colspan=2>
<td><a href="ir/evaluation1.pdf">Evaluation – I</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/plc241yj61oqw81/MapReduce.pdf?dl=0">MapReduce</a></td>
<td colspan=2>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/om0iyk5oduj0ccy/spark-intro.pdf?dl=0">Spark</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/q90zeidoknaccgw/PySpark%20Tutorial.ipynb?dl=0">accompanying notebook</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/zlagtxyacc9dow0/invertedindex.pdf?dl=0"> Inverted indices</a>
</td>
<td>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/1ei7fanvj9kjpvh/queryprocessing.pdf?dl=0">Query processing</a>
</td>
<td>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/3ngvxhhruwi6k7a/Indexing.pdf?dl=0">Indexing</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/70vlbskd7nebali/lm.pdf?dl=0">Retrieval models: language modeling</a>
</td>
<td colspan=2>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/w1lqcc43r86pr7e/probabilistic-models.pdf?dl=0">Retrieval models: classical probabilistic models</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/k9rgqactv3m19wq/qe.pdf?dl=0
">Query expansion</a>
</td>
<td colspan=2><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/8737ituhhxucugj/LSI-2020.pdf?dl=0">LSI</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/7e8pwca5yiosgs2/crawling-slides.pdf?dl=0">Crawling</a>
</td>
<td><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/bk3wbf9f40jmvkm/MinHashing.pdf?dl=0">Deduplication</a>
</td>
<td><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/tfssnkibrch0teq/link-analysis-slides.pdf?dl=0">Link analysis</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/kfhvqk8fuytm0hw/Dictionary.pdf?dl=0">Dictionaries and tolerant retrieval</a>
</td>
<td>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/8sgqhqc189k5qo2/QS.pdf?dl=0">Query suggestion</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/j3vi57wmek9xohv/letor-slides.pdf?dl=0">Learning to rank</a>
</td>
<td>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/wsaaitugmcu656n/qa.pdf?dl=0">Traditional question answering</a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</li>
<li>
<h4>Supplementary material</h4>
<ul>
<li class="level2"><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/8irt9hjgzb5hfb8/java1.pdf">Quick introduction to Java</a>
</li>
<li class="level2"><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/8hgcptqix2sox3f/genetic-algorithms.pdf?dl=0">Quick and dirty introduction to Genetic Algorithms</a>
</li>
<li class="level2"><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/nzeq91z4w8mf050/DeepLearning1.pdf?dl=0">Quick introduction to Deep Learning — Part I</a>
</li>
<li class="level2"><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/bvdlzffitdg6w44/DeepLearning2.pdf?dl=0
">Quick introduction to Deep Learning — Part II</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<!-- ================================================================= -->
<hr/>
<!-- ================================================================= -->
<a name="os"> </a>
<h2>Operating Systems</h2>
<h3><a href="https://groups.google.com/g/isi-mtech-os">Google Group for the course (announcements, etc.)</a></h3>
<h3>Notes / slides</h3>
<p style="font-size: small;">
The material in the slides is a proper subset of the material in the notes.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/8gqy90u69xl3rjpx9ldne/intro-notes.pdf?rlkey=hxelt7j6orc4mxrx9xpbihntl&dl=0">Introduction</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/n641dck8tf561tm/intro-slides.pdf?dl=1">(slides)</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/ev3z785ns9tgldl8iei12/processes-notes.pdf?rlkey=xzvev5qm6vsfijp3j2z9ts4hj&dl=0">Processes</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/8ornhytbhdiyexxxmcvj8/processes-slides.pdf?rlkey=f8zblihclevtbcrcpyya2msqu&dl=0">(slides)</a>
<span style="background: #770f0f; color: white; font-size: 10px; padding: 2px">updated: 18.02.25</span>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/w3yvy35pgvj5880/scheduling.pdf?dl=0">Scheduling</a> <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/88codjfw0oawo1g/scheduling-linux.pdf?dl=0">Scheduling in Linux</a>
</li>
<li><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/ytbarvzkkfqad9e/synchronization.pdf?dl=1">Synchronisation</a> <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/xrqaa5hwbqsr8fq/synchro-unix.pdf?dl=1">System calls for synchronisation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/p2wb3cflvqkzsw3/threads.pdf?dl=1">Threads</a> <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/dz22l7cpzfl8tne/threads-linux.pdf?dl=1">Threads programming</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/z472u02ycru8cya/memory.pdf?dl=0">Memory management</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/qhasvnbpy14rsht/filesys.pdf?dl=1">File systems</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/k6xffp84kdxdwgd/deadlock.pdf?dl=0">Deadlock</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/sh/1yqyiwobm2ip99a/AADXyp5KeYZotBOyWGr8m5mFa?dl=0">"Boardwork"</a></h3>
<h3>Labs</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/3wxmhnarnjyh63a/processes-lab.pdf?dl=1">Processes</a> <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/css12mvj8wyhm3u/shell.c?dl=0">shell.c</a></li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/i93j43z26h8r37y/synchronisation-lab.pdf?dl=1">Synchronisation</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/1p7qhkmfemt6m87r6po7i/posix-semaphores-threads.c?rlkey=u5g7e8k7byx110ohgcqjiobay&dl=0">posix-semaphores-threads.c</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/n06jwwvg1x57vzro5df4b/posix-semaphores-processes.c?rlkey=2d3708n3915gcoxyknbizifs0&dl=0">posix-semaphores-processes.c</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/snfjqax0063fvxfprntgu/unnamed-posix-semaphores.c?rlkey=ggkh8y8mpn7ujkctclfui94su&dl=0">unnamed-semaphores.c</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/7a8fk5pnzsjw7cwulds5b/sysv-shared-memory.c?rlkey=242xppk81whe1fvugose2uksq&dl=0">sysv-shared-memory.c</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/4rf03zru42l3kat/threads-lab.pdf?dl=1">Threads</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/4u88bfdkx3pauzst0n4md/strtok.c?rlkey=924qrhuvm9zh00wtel7idduzd&dl=0">strtok.c</a>
</li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/rsx5a4rd78pe2ym/projects.txt?dl=0">Project ideas</a> <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/ovj26jjl1nmbxzy/presentation-topics.txt?dl=0">Suggested topics for presentations</a></h3>
Thanks to <a href="http://www.isical.ac.in/~ansuman">Ansuman Banerjee</a>
and Arindam Pal for suggestions.
<p> </p>
<!-- <a href="os/synchronisation-lab.pdf">Synchronisation</a><br/> -->
<h3>Question papers from earlier years</h3>
Feedback welcome (please send email to my first name dot my last name at
gmail etc.).
<p>
<b>Mid-sem exams: </b>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/424nnm6xrst97w3rxzba7/24-mid.pdf?rlkey=403668p4n0yx9p37vogejz36x&dl=0">2024</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/ilwjly7hfgponmv40eizd/22-mid.pdf?rlkey=dyya7m76d3t9pu051y0hdzeic&dl=0">2022</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/52mdg6uwjdceyjx/18-mid.pdf?dl=1">2018</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/6tye9ica4ayzpsd/17-mid.pdf?dl=1">2017</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/czqg4p7tvrst4l3/16-mid.pdf?dl=1">2016</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/4o60dub45wklvnu/15-mid.pdf?dl=1">2015</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/fe0o33zkdzun3vb/14-mid.pdf?dl=1">2014</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/00wu99pz43mqz3s/12-mid.pdf?dl=1">2012</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/jwabba1wbv6utv5/11-mid.pdf?dl=1">2011</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/fnpvb7aqea3mbxv/10-mid.pdf?dl=1">2010</a>
</p>
<p>
<b>End-sem exams: </b>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/zvlntzwu9tdcy97zidix2/24-final.pdf?rlkey=bu4siyyt1zitj4b4ys24eiijc&dl=0">2024</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/iz69c8dct5g5lnfp2zwwr/22-final.pdf?rlkey=31v0iy828ayujudijb7et2paq&dl=0">2022</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/ugav799k4hxcub4/18-final.pdf?dl=1">2018</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/0u0rtkdzs8q4rqp/17-final.pdf?dl=1">2017</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/vxtz52kfa4rjrsl/16-final.pdf?dl=1">2016</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/zvyuh3apsiutm2g/15-final.pdf?dl=1">2015</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/u10ihf9v8ppl1re/14-final.pdf?dl=1">2014</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/q8fep94yejoiw1w/12-final.pdf?dl=1">2012</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/bd7xos4xs9mroul/11-final.pdf?dl=1">2011</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/137kv8uxemcq142/10-final.pdf?dl=1">2010</a>
</p>
<h4>Supplementary Reading</h4>
<p>
<a href="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/From-PowerUp-To-Bash-Prompt-HOWTO.html">Bootstrapping process</a>
<a href="os/bootstrap.pdf">(locally stored pdf)</a>
(Thanks to Arindam Pal, MTCS 2013-2015, for detecting and repairing broken links.)
<br>
<a href="http://nob.cs.ucdavis.edu/classes/ecs150-1999-02/sync-bakery.html">Lamport's Bakery algorithm</a>
<a href="os/sync-bakery.html">(local copy)</a><br/>
<a href="http://www.cs.umd.edu/~hollings/cs412/s96/synch/synch1.html">Starvation-free solution to the Readers-Writers Problem</a><br/>
<a href="os/solaristhreads.pdf">White Paper on SunOS 5.0 Multithread Architecture</a><br/>
<a href="http://www.phptr.com/content/images/0131453483/downloads/gorman_book.pdf">Virtual memory in Linux</a>
<a href="os/vm-linux.pdf">(local copy of older version)</a><br/>
<a href="http://puggy.symonds.net/~abhi/files/mm/">Memory Management in Linux</a>
</p>
<h4>Odds and Ends</h4>
<p>
<a href="os/fork+stdin.c">Program to demonstrate sharing of stdin between parent and child</a><br>
</p>
<p>
<b>What is scheduled first after a fork?</b><br>
According to Section 3.2.3 (Process Scheduling) from "<i>Advanced
Linux programming</i>" (Mark Mitchell, Jeffrey Oldham, Alex Samuel,
Sams Publishing, 2001):
</p>
<blockquote>
Linux schedules the parent and child process independently; there's no
guarantee of which one will run first, or how long it will run before
Linux interrupts it and lets the other process (or some other process
on the system) run.
</blockquote>
<p>
However, the following passage from Section 3.4.1.1 of
"<i>Understanding the Linux Kernel, 3rd Edition</i>"
(Daniel P. Bovet, Marco Cesati, O'Reilly, 2005) is more up-to-date and
sounds much more convincing:
</p>
<blockquote>
If the child will run on the same CPU as the parent, and parent and child
do not share the same set of page tables (CLONE_VM flag cleared), it then
forces the child to run before the parent by inserting it into the parent's
runqueue right before the parent. This simple step yields better
performance if the child flushes its address space and executes a new
program right after the forking. If we let the parent run first, the Copy
On Write mechanism would give rise to a series of unnecessary page
duplications.
Otherwise, if the child will not be run on the same CPU as the parent, or
if parent and child share the same set of page tables (CLONE_VM flag set),
it inserts the child in the last position of the parent's runqueue.
</blockquote>
<p>
<pre>
stat x/y/z/abc.txt
editor x/y/z/abc.txt
rm x/y/z/abc.txt OR rm -rf x
/* save x/y/z/abc.txt in editor */
stat x/y/z/abc.txt
</pre>
</p>
<p>
<a href="http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/the-strange-birth-and-long-life-of-unix/0">A History of Unix</a>
</p>
<!-- ================================================================= -->
<hr/>
<!-- ================================================================= -->
<a name="alc"> </a>
<h2>Automata, Languages and Computation</h2>
<ul>
<li><h4>Slides</h4>
<table class="slides">
<tr>
<td><a href="automata/intro.pdf">Introduction</a>
<td><a href="automata/pcp.pdf">Post's Correspondence Problem</a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</li>
<li><h4>Problems</h4>
<ul>
<li><a href="automata/problems1.pdf">Finite Automata</a></li>
</ul>
<li><h4>Exams, etc.</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="automata/ct1.pdf">Class Test I</a>
<a href="automata/ct1-solutions.pdf">Solutions</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="automata/ct2.pdf">Class Test II</a>
<a href="automata/ct2-solutions.pdf">Solutions</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="automata/mid.pdf">Mid sem exam</a>
<!-- a href="automata/ct1-solutions.pdf">Solutions</a -->
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<!-- ================================================================= -->
<hr/>
<!-- ================================================================= -->
<a name="cc"> </a>
<h2>Compiler Construction</h2>
<ul>
<li><h4>Slides</h4>
<table class="slides">
<tr>
<td><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/uva6g8easjdkp5e/intro.pdf?dl=1">Introduction</a></td>
<td><a href="compilers/icg.pdf">Intermediate code generation</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/ub15oait8afyg1h/lexical.pdf?dl=1">Lexical Analysis</a></td>
<td><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/z40gdyum8g8sqw5/runtime.pdf?dl=0">Run-time environments</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/i3qhpzqriu2yfvz/parsing.pdf?dl=1">Parsing</a></td>
<td><a href="compilers/codegen.pdf">Code generation</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="compilers/sdt.pdf">Syntax-directed translation</a></td>
<td><a href="compilers/optimization.pdf">Code optimisation</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
</li>
<li>
<h4><a href="compilers/projects.html">Projects</a>
(Thanks to <a href="mailto:skannan at redhat dot com">Shakthi Kannan</a>
for suggestions.)
</h4>
</li>
<li><h4><a href="compilers/presentation-topics.html">Presentation topics</a></h4></li>
<li>Question papers from earlier years:
feedback welcome (please send email to my first name dot my last name at
gmail etc.).
</li>
<p>
<b>Mid-sem exams: </b>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/eq5ei9xz3gkcz69/mid.pdf?dl=0">2014</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/kk4hq0cysx2squb/mid.pdf?dl=0">2013</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/gsyt2qfd1lm7ten/mid.pdf?dl=0">2012</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/ywiakdsmjdyk8v7/mid.pdf?dl=0">2011</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/02kh9f5ea4mcl9g/mid.pdf?dl=0">2010</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/tiqbm8zwyb3olci/mid.pdf?dl=0">2009</a>
</p>
<p>
<b>End-sem exams: </b>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/px0imgmjk2lkg43/final.pdf?dl=0">2014</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/ppodyixbrpw56ki/final.pdf?dl=0">2013</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/zja5foct44yyero/final.pdf?dl=0">2012</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/db0kqcvtncc0akv/final.pdf?dl=0">2011</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/4csft20phsz1qrh/final.pdf?dl=0">2010</a>
<a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/3kbntb3l5ylii5j/final.pdf?dl=0">2009</a>
</p>
<li><h4>Supplementary Reading</h4>
<p>
<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090508120906/http://www.cs.montana.edu/courses/450/pages/sessions/17.html">Non-LL(k) grammars</a>
(see the example near the end of the page)
</p>
</li>
<li><h4>Odds and ends</h4>
<p>
<b>Inherited attributes in Yacc / Bison:</b> From the <code>bison</code> documentation:<br/>
<code>$<var>n</var></code> with <var>n</var> zero or negative is allowed
for reference to tokens and groupings on the stack <em>before</em> those
that match the current rule. This is a very risky practice, and to use it
reliably you must be certain of the context in which the rule is applied.
Here is a case in which you can use this reliably:
</p>
<pre class="example">
foo: expr bar '+' expr { … } |
expr bar '-' expr { … } ;
bar: %empty { previous_expr = $0; } ;
</pre>
<p>As long as <code>bar</code> is used only in the fashion shown here,
<code>$0</code> always refers to the <code>expr</code> which precedes
<code>bar</code> in the definition of <code>foo</code>.
</p>
<p>
So the possible alternatives are to use non-positive indices as suggested
above, or to use global variables. In both cases, one has to be careful.
</p>
<p>
<a href="http://gcc.godbolt.org/#">Godbolt: a very useful web-based tool for studying the assembly equivalent of a given piece of C code</a>
</p>
</li>
</ul>
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