diff --git a/flax/nnx/extract.py b/flax/nnx/extract.py
index cc816075b..c20f859a7 100644
--- a/flax/nnx/extract.py
+++ b/flax/nnx/extract.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 import dataclasses
 import functools
 import inspect
+import types
 import typing as tp
 
 from flax import struct
@@ -676,11 +677,25 @@ def copy_var_structure(tree: A) -> A:
   )
 
 def check_no_aliases(
-    fn_name: str, /, *, check: tp.Iterable[str] = (), **kwargs
+    fn_name: str,
+    /,
+    *,
+    check: tp.Iterable[str] = (),
+    capture_ids: frozenset[int] = frozenset(),
+    **kwargs,
 ) -> dict[jax.tree_util.KeyPath, variablelib.Variable]:
+  """Check that no Variable appears more than once in the given collections.
+
+  When ``capture_ids`` is provided (ids of Variables belonging to closure
+  captures), a Variable that was first seen as a capture is allowed to appear
+  exactly once more as an explicit argument (deduplication case).  A Variable
+  seen twice in non-capture positions, or three or more times total, always
+  raises.
+  """
   container = labeled(**kwargs)
   is_leaf = lambda x: isinstance(x, variablelib.Variable)
   seen: dict[int, jax.tree_util.KeyPath] = {}
+  dedup_used: set[int] = set()  # capture_ids that have matched one explicit arg
   all_variables: dict[jax.tree_util.KeyPath, variablelib.Variable] = {}
   for path, leaf in jax.tree.leaves_with_path(container, is_leaf=is_leaf):
     if not isinstance(leaf, variablelib.Variable):
@@ -700,6 +715,12 @@ def check_no_aliases(
 
     var_id = id(leaf)
     if var_id in seen:
+      if var_id in capture_ids and var_id not in dedup_used:
+        # First duplicate: capture prepended + same Variable passed explicitly.
+        # Allow this once (deduplication); record so a third copy still errors.
+        dedup_used.add(var_id)
+        all_variables[path] = leaf
+        continue
       path_str = jax.tree_util.keystr(path)
       seen_path_str = jax.tree_util.keystr(seen[var_id])
       raise ValueError(
@@ -1119,6 +1140,97 @@ def to_masked(tree, all_updates: OrderedDict[tp.Any, Updates]):
       is_leaf=lambda x: x is None
   )
 
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class CapturedInfo:
+  """Info about closure-captured graph nodes/Variables."""
+  nodes: tuple[object, ...]
+  freevar_indices: tuple[int, ...]
+
+  def __len__(self):
+    return len(self.nodes)
+
+  def __bool__(self):
+    return len(self.nodes) > 0
+
+  @property
+  def variable_ids(self) -> frozenset[int]:
+    """Ids of all Variables contained within the captured nodes."""
+    ids: set[int] = set()
+    for _, value in graphlib.iter_graph(self.nodes, graph=True):
+      if isinstance(value, variablelib.Variable):
+        ids.add(id(value))
+    return frozenset(ids)
+
+  def exclude_from_args(
+      self,
+      args: tuple,
+      kwargs: dict | tp.Mapping,
+  ) -> 'CapturedInfo':
+    """Remove captured nodes that also appear in explicit args (by id)."""
+    if not self.nodes:
+      return self
+    arg_ids: set[int] = set()
+    for _, value in graphlib.iter_graph((args, kwargs), graph=True):
+      if isinstance(value, variablelib.Variable):
+        arg_ids.add(id(value))
+    keep = [(node, idx) for node, idx in zip(self.nodes, self.freevar_indices)
+            if id(node) not in arg_ids]
+    if len(keep) == len(self.nodes):
+      return self
+    if not keep:
+      return CapturedInfo((), ())
+    nodes, indices = zip(*keep)
+    return CapturedInfo(tuple(nodes), tuple(indices))
+
+
+_EMPTY_CAPTURED = CapturedInfo((), ())
+
+
+def find_captured_nodes(f) -> CapturedInfo:
+  """Find top-level nnx Variables and graph nodes in f's closure."""
+  if not hasattr(f, '__closure__') or f.__closure__ is None:
+    return _EMPTY_CAPTURED
+  closure = f.__closure__
+  seen: set[int] = set()
+  captured_nodes: list[object] = []
+  captured_indices: list[int] = []
+  for i, cell in enumerate(closure):
+    try:
+      obj = cell.cell_contents
+    except ValueError:
+      continue
+    if graphlib.is_graph_node(obj) or isinstance(obj, variablelib.Variable):
+      obj_id = id(obj)
+      if obj_id not in seen:
+        seen.add(obj_id)
+        captured_nodes.append(obj)
+        captured_indices.append(i)
+  return CapturedInfo(tuple(captured_nodes), tuple(captured_indices))
+
+
+def _make_cell(val):
+  """Create a closure cell containing val."""
+  x = val
+  return (lambda: x).__closure__[0]  # type: ignore
+
+
+def replace_closure_cells(
+    f: tp.Callable,
+    captured_info: CapturedInfo,
+    replacements: tuple,
+) -> tp.Callable:
+  """Return a copy of f with captured closure cells replaced by replacements."""
+  if not captured_info or not f.__closure__:
+    return f
+  cells = list(f.__closure__)
+  for idx, new_val in zip(captured_info.freevar_indices, replacements):
+    cells[idx] = _make_cell(new_val)
+  return types.FunctionType(
+    f.__code__, f.__globals__, f.__name__,
+    f.__defaults__, tuple(cells),
+  )
+
+
 def filter_kwargs(f, **kwargs):
   sig = inspect.signature(f)
   has_var_keyword = any(
diff --git a/flax/nnx/transforms/compilation.py b/flax/nnx/transforms/compilation.py
index 52ec0205a..b94328789 100644
--- a/flax/nnx/transforms/compilation.py
+++ b/flax/nnx/transforms/compilation.py
@@ -453,6 +453,7 @@ class SimpleJitFn:
   donate_argnames: frozenset[str]
   graph: bool
   update_shardings: tuple[tp.Any, ...]
+  captured_info: extract.CapturedInfo = extract._EMPTY_CAPTURED
 
   def __post_init__(self):
     functools.update_wrapper(self, self.f, updated=())
@@ -464,7 +465,14 @@ def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
     )
     if self.graph:
       args, kwargs = extract.from_tree2((args, kwargs))
-    out = self.f(*args, **kwargs)
+    n_captured = len(self.captured_info)
+    user_args = args[n_captured:]
+    if self.captured_info:
+      f = extract.replace_closure_cells(
+          self.f, self.captured_info, args[:n_captured])
+    else:
+      f = self.f
+    out = f(*user_args, **kwargs)
     if self.graph:
       out = extract.to_tree2(out, prefix=self.out_shardings)
     extract.check_no_aliases('jit', **current, out=out, check=['out'])
@@ -508,6 +516,9 @@ def __init__(
     self.partial_args = partial_args
     self.graph = graph
 
+    # Capture closure nodes once at construction time
+    self._captured_info = extract.find_captured_nodes(fun)
+
     resolved = _resolve_argnums(fun, static_argnums, static_argnames)
     if isinstance(in_shardings, (tuple, list)) and resolved:
       expanded = list(in_shardings)
@@ -517,6 +528,13 @@ def __init__(
     else:
       self.in_shardings = in_shardings
 
+    # Prepend None shardings for captured nodes
+    n_captured = len(self._captured_info)
+    if n_captured > 0 and isinstance(in_shardings, (tuple, list)):
+      jit_in_shardings = (None,) * n_captured + tuple(in_shardings)
+    else:
+      jit_in_shardings = in_shardings
+
     donate_argnums_set = frozenset(
         (donate_argnums,) if isinstance(donate_argnums, int)
         else donate_argnums or ()
@@ -528,14 +546,15 @@ def __init__(
     self.jitted_fn = jax.jit(
         SimpleJitFn(
             fun,
-            self.in_shardings,
+            jit_in_shardings if n_captured > 0 else self.in_shardings,
             out_shardings,
             donate_argnums_set,
             donate_argnames_set,
             graph,
             tuple(update_shardings),
+            captured_info=self._captured_info,
         ),
-        in_shardings=in_shardings,
+        in_shardings=jit_in_shardings,
         out_shardings=(out_shardings, update_shardings),
         static_argnums=static_argnums,
         static_argnames=static_argnames,
@@ -565,9 +584,13 @@ def _maybe_from_tree(self, out):
 
   def __call__(self, *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:
     args = (*self.partial_args, *args)  # type: ignore[assignment]
-    args, kwargs = self._maybe_to_tree(args, kwargs)
-    variables = extract.check_no_aliases('jit', args=args, kwargs=kwargs)
-    out, updates = self.jitted_fn(*args, **kwargs)
+    all_args = (*self._captured_info.nodes, *args)
+    all_args, kwargs = self._maybe_to_tree(all_args, kwargs)
+    variables = extract.check_no_aliases(
+        'jit', args=all_args, kwargs=kwargs,
+        capture_ids=self._captured_info.variable_ids,
+    )
+    out, updates = self.jitted_fn(*all_args, **kwargs)
     extract.apply_updates(variables, updates)
     return self._maybe_from_tree(out)
 
@@ -578,26 +601,38 @@ def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
 
   def eval_shape(self, *args, **kwargs):
     args = (*self.partial_args, *args)
-    args, kwargs = self._maybe_to_tree(args, kwargs)
+    all_args = (*self._captured_info.nodes, *args)
+    all_args, kwargs = self._maybe_to_tree(all_args, kwargs)
     if not self.graph:
-      extract.check_no_aliases('jit', args=args, kwargs=kwargs)
-    out, updates = self.jitted_fn.eval_shape(*args, **kwargs)
+      extract.check_no_aliases(
+          'jit', args=all_args, kwargs=kwargs,
+          capture_ids=self._captured_info.variable_ids,
+      )
+    out, updates = self.jitted_fn.eval_shape(*all_args, **kwargs)
     return self._maybe_from_tree(out)
 
   def trace(self, *args, **kwargs):
     args = (*self.partial_args, *args)
-    args, kwargs = self._maybe_to_tree(args, kwargs)
+    all_args = (*self._captured_info.nodes, *args)
+    all_args, kwargs = self._maybe_to_tree(all_args, kwargs)
     if not self.graph:
-      extract.check_no_aliases('jit', args=args, kwargs=kwargs)
-    traced = self.jitted_fn.trace(*args, **kwargs)
+      extract.check_no_aliases(
+          'jit', args=all_args, kwargs=kwargs,
+          capture_ids=self._captured_info.variable_ids,
+      )
+    traced = self.jitted_fn.trace(*all_args, **kwargs)
     return SimpleTraced(traced, self)
 
   def lower(self, *args, **kwargs):
     args = (*self.partial_args, *args)
-    args, kwargs = self._maybe_to_tree(args, kwargs)
+    all_args = (*self._captured_info.nodes, *args)
+    all_args, kwargs = self._maybe_to_tree(all_args, kwargs)
     if not self.graph:
-      extract.check_no_aliases('jit', args=args, kwargs=kwargs)
-    lowered = self.jitted_fn.lower(*args, **kwargs)
+      extract.check_no_aliases(
+          'jit', args=all_args, kwargs=kwargs,
+          capture_ids=self._captured_info.variable_ids,
+      )
+    lowered = self.jitted_fn.lower(*all_args, **kwargs)
     return SimpleLowered(lowered, self)
 def jit_partial(
     fun: tp.Callable[..., R],