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<!doctype html>
<html lang="en" class="scroll-smooth">
<head>
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<title>Forge Kernel - Tutorial</title>
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Forge Kernel
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Home
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Core Concepts
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Capabilities
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API Reference
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Tutorials
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>Capabilities</a
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>API Reference</a
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Building a Todo App
</li>
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Tutorial
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<a
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>Introduction</a
>
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href="#project-setup"
class="nav-link block px-3 py-2 text-sm text-gray-700 rounded-md hover:text-blue-600"
>Project Setup</a
>
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href="#database-models"
class="nav-link block px-3 py-2 text-sm text-gray-700 rounded-md hover:text-blue-600"
>Database & Models</a
>
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href="#authentication"
class="nav-link block px-3 py-2 text-sm text-gray-700 rounded-md hover:text-blue-600"
>Authentication</a
>
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href="#controllers-routes"
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>Controllers & Routes</a
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class="nav-link block px-3 py-2 text-sm text-gray-700 rounded-md hover:text-blue-600"
>Views & Layouts</a
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>ForgeWire Components</a
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href="#events"
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>Events</a
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>Testing</a
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<h1 class="text-4xl font-bold text-gray-900 mb-6">
Building a Todo Application
</h1>
<p class="text-xl text-gray-600 mb-8">
A step-by-step tutorial demonstrating how to combine
multiple Forge Kernel features and modules to build
a complete application.
</p>
<!-- Introduction -->
<section id="introduction" class="section-anchor mb-12">
<h2 class="text-2xl font-bold text-gray-900 mb-4">
Introduction
</h2>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-6">
In this tutorial, we'll build a todo application
that demonstrates how to use multiple Forge
Kernel modules together. This "glorified todo"
app will showcase authentication, database
operations, interactive components, events, and
testing.
</p>
<h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-3">
What We're Building
</h3>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-4">
A todo application with the following features:
</p>
<ul
class="list-disc list-inside space-y-2 text-gray-600 mb-6"
>
<li>
User authentication (registration and login)
</li>
<li>
CRUD operations for todos (Create, Read,
Update, Delete)
</li>
<li>
Interactive todo list with real-time updates
(ForgeWire)
</li>
<li>
Background event processing for
notifications
</li>
<li>Comprehensive test coverage</li>
<li>
User-specific todos (each user sees only
their todos)
</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-3">
Modules We'll Use
</h3>
<ul
class="list-disc list-inside space-y-2 text-gray-600 mb-6"
>
<li>
<strong>ForgeAuth:</strong> User
authentication and session management
</li>
<li>
<strong>ForgeDatabaseSql:</strong> Database
migrations and schema management
</li>
<li>
<strong>ForgeSqlOrm:</strong>
Object-Relational Mapping for models
</li>
<li>
<strong>ForgeWire:</strong> Interactive
components with real-time updates
</li>
<li>
<strong>ForgeEvents:</strong> Event-driven
architecture and background processing
</li>
<li>
<strong>ForgeTesting:</strong> Comprehensive
testing framework
</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-3">
Prerequisites
</h3>
<ul
class="list-disc list-inside space-y-2 text-gray-600 mb-6"
>
<li>PHP 8.3 or higher</li>
<li>Forge Kernel installed and configured</li>
<li>
Basic understanding of PHP and
object-oriented programming
</li>
<li>
Familiarity with MVC architecture (helpful
but not required)
</li>
</ul>
<div
class="bg-blue-50 border-l-4 border-blue-400 p-4 mb-6"
>
<p class="text-sm text-blue-700">
<strong>Note:</strong> This tutorial assumes
you have Forge Kernel installed. If not,
please refer to the
<a
href="getting-started.html"
class="underline"
>Getting Started</a
>
guide first.
</p>
</div>
</section>
<!-- Project Setup -->
<section
id="project-setup"
class="section-anchor mb-12"
>
<h2 class="text-2xl font-bold text-gray-900 mb-4">
Project Setup
</h2>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-6">
Let's start by setting up our project and
installing the required modules.
</p>
<h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-3">
Installing Required Modules
</h3>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-4">
We'll need several modules for our todo
application. Install them using
ForgePackageManager:
</p>
<pre
class="bg-gray-100 p-4 rounded mb-4"
><code class="language-bash"># Install authentication module
php forge.php module:package-install --module=forge-auth
# Install database SQL module
php forge.php module:package-install --module=forge-database-sql
# Install SQL ORM module
php forge.php module:package-install --module=forge-sql-orm
# Install ForgeWire for interactive components
php forge.php module:package-install --module=forge-wire
# Install ForgeEvents for background processing
php forge.php module:package-install --module=forge-events
# Install ForgeTesting for testing
php forge.php module:package-install --module=forge-testing</code></pre>
<h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-3 mt-6">
Configuring Middleware
</h3>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-4">
After installing ForgeWire, you must register
its middleware in
<code>config/middlewares.php</code> to enable
the reactive kernel:
</p>
<pre
class="bg-gray-100 p-4 rounded mb-4"
><code class="language-php"><?php
return [
'global' => [],
'web' => [
\App\Modules\ForgeWire\Middlewares\ForgeWireMiddleware::class,
],
'api' => []
];</code></pre>
<h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-3 mt-6">
Project Structure
</h3>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-4">
Our application will have the following
structure:
</p>
<pre
class="bg-gray-100 p-4 rounded mb-4"
><code class="language-bash">app/
├── Controllers/
│ └── TodoController.php
├── Models/
│ └── Todo.php
├── Events/
│ ├── TodoCreatedEvent.php
│ └── TodoCompletedEvent.php
├── Database/
│ └── Migrations/
│ └── CreateTodosTable.php
├── Repositories/
│ └── TodoRepository.php
└── tests/
└── TodoTest.php</code></pre>
<h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-3 mt-6">
Environment Configuration
</h3>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-4">
Ensure your
<code class="bg-gray-100 px-2 py-1 rounded"
>.env</code
>
file is configured with database settings:
</p>
<pre
class="bg-gray-100 p-4 rounded mb-4"
><code class="language-bash">DB_DRIVER=sqlite
DB_DATABASE=storage/database/todos.sqlite
APP_DEBUG=true
APP_ENV=local</code></pre>
</section>
<!-- Database & Models -->
<section
id="database-models"
class="section-anchor mb-12"
>
<h2 class="text-2xl font-bold text-gray-900 mb-4">
Database & Models
</h2>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-6">
Let's start by creating our database schema and
model for todos.
</p>
<h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-3">
Creating the Migration
</h3>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-4">
First, we'll create a migration for the todos
table. Create
<code class="bg-gray-100 px-2 py-1 rounded"
>app/Database/Migrations/2025_01_01_000000_CreateTodosTable.php</code
>:
</p>
<pre
class="bg-gray-100 p-4 rounded mb-4"
><code class="language-php"><?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace App\Database\Migrations;
use App\Modules\ForgeAuth\Models\User;
use App\Modules\ForgeDatabaseSQL\DB\Attributes\BelongsTo;
use App\Modules\ForgeDatabaseSQL\DB\Attributes\Column;
use App\Modules\ForgeDatabaseSQL\DB\Attributes\Index;
use App\Modules\ForgeDatabaseSQL\DB\Attributes\Table;
use App\Modules\ForgeDatabaseSQL\DB\Attributes\Timestamps;
use App\Modules\ForgeDatabaseSQL\DB\Enums\ColumnType;
use App\Modules\ForgeDatabaseSQL\DB\Migrations\Migration;
#[Table(name: 'todos')]
#[BelongsTo(related: User::class)]
#[Index(columns: ['user_id'], name: 'idx_todos_user_id')]
#[Index(columns: ['completed'], name: 'idx_todos_completed')]
#[Timestamps]
class CreateTodosTable extends Migration
{
#[Column(name: 'id', type: ColumnType::INTEGER, primaryKey: true, autoIncrement: true)]
public readonly int $id;
#[Column(name: 'user_id', type: ColumnType::INTEGER, nullable: false)]
public readonly int $userId;
#[Column(name: 'title', type: ColumnType::STRING, nullable: false, length: 255)]
public readonly string $title;
#[Column(name: 'description', type: ColumnType::TEXT, nullable: true)]
public readonly ?string $description;
#[Column(name: 'completed', type: ColumnType::BOOLEAN, default: false)]
public readonly bool $completed;
}</code></pre>
<h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-3 mt-6">
Running the Migration
</h3>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-4">
Run the migration to create the todos table:
</p>
<pre
class="bg-gray-100 p-4 rounded mb-4"
><code class="language-bash">php forge.php db:migrate --type=app</code></pre>
<h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-3 mt-6">
Creating the Todo Model
</h3>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-4">
Now let's create our Todo model. Create
<code class="bg-gray-100 px-2 py-1 rounded"
>app/Models/Todo.php</code
>:
</p>
<pre
class="bg-gray-100 p-4 rounded mb-4"
><code class="language-php"><?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace App\Models;
use App\Modules\ForgeSqlOrm\ORM\Attributes\Column;
use App\Modules\ForgeSqlOrm\ORM\Attributes\ProtectedFields;
use App\Modules\ForgeSqlOrm\ORM\Attributes\Table;
use App\Modules\ForgeSqlOrm\ORM\Model;
use App\Modules\ForgeSqlOrm\Traits\HasMetaData;
use App\Modules\ForgeSqlOrm\Traits\HasTimeStamps;
#[Table("todos")]
#[ProtectedFields("id", "user_id", "created_at", "updated_at")]
class Todo extends Model
{
use HasTimeStamps;
use HasMetaData;
#[Column]
public int $user_id;
#[Column]
public string $title;
#[Column]
public ?string $description;
#[Column]
public bool $completed = false;
public function toggle(): void
{
$this->completed = !$this->completed;
$this->save();
}
public function markAsComplete(): void
{
$this->completed = true;
$this->save();
}
public function markAsIncomplete(): void
{
$this->completed = false;
$this->save();
}
}</code></pre>
<h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-3 mt-6">
Creating a Repository
</h3>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-4">
Let's create a repository for todo operations.
Create
<code class="bg-gray-100 px-2 py-1 rounded"
>app/Repositories/TodoRepository.php</code
>:
</p>
<pre
class="bg-gray-100 p-4 rounded mb-4"
><code class="language-php"><?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace App\Repositories;
use App\Dto\CreateTodoDTO;
use App\Models\Todo;
use App\Modules\ForgeSqlOrm\ORM\RecordRepository;
class TodoRepository extends RecordRepository
{
protected string $model = Todo::class;
public function create(CreateTodoDTO $dto, int $userId): Todo
{
return parent::create([
'user_id' => $userId,
'title' => $dto->title,
'description' => $dto->description,
'completed' => $dto->completed,
]);
}
public function findByUserId(int $userId): array
{
return $this->query()
->where('user_id', $userId)
->orderBy('created_at', 'DESC')
->get();
}
public function findIncompleteByUserId(int $userId): array
{
return $this->query()
->where('user_id', $userId)
->where('completed', false)
->orderBy('created_at', 'DESC')
->get();
}
public function findCompleteByUserId(int $userId): array
{
return $this->query()
->where('user_id', $userId)
->where('completed', true)
->orderBy('created_at', 'DESC')
->get();
}
}</code></pre>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-4">
The repository extends
<code class="bg-gray-100 px-2 py-1 rounded"
>RecordRepository</code
>, which provides a base
<code class="bg-gray-100 px-2 py-1 rounded"
>create()</code
>
method that accepts an array. We've added a
type-safe
<code class="bg-gray-100 px-2 py-1 rounded"
>create()</code
>
method that accepts a
<code class="bg-gray-100 px-2 py-1 rounded"
>CreateTodoDTO</code
>
and user ID, which internally calls the parent
method with the properly structured data. This
provides better type safety and ensures
consistent data structure.
</p>
</section>
<!-- Authentication -->
<section
id="authentication"
class="section-anchor mb-12"
>
<h2 class="text-2xl font-bold text-gray-900 mb-4">
Authentication
</h2>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-6">
We'll use ForgeAuth to handle user
authentication. The module should already be
installed and configured.
</p>
<h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-3">
Using ForgeAuth
</h3>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-4">
ForgeAuth provides authentication routes out of
the box. Users can register and login at:
</p>
<ul
class="list-disc list-inside space-y-2 text-gray-600 mb-4"
>
<li>
<code class="bg-gray-100 px-2 py-1 rounded"
>/auth/register</code
>
- User registration
</li>
<li>
<code class="bg-gray-100 px-2 py-1 rounded"
>/auth/login</code
>
- User login
</li>
<li>
<code class="bg-gray-100 px-2 py-1 rounded"
>/auth/logout</code
>
- User logout
</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-3 mt-6">
Getting the Current User
</h3>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-4">
In your controllers, you can get the current
authenticated user using the ForgeAuthService:
</p>
<pre
class="bg-gray-100 p-4 rounded mb-4"
><code class="language-php">use App\Modules\ForgeAuth\Services\ForgeAuthService;
public function __construct(
private readonly ForgeAuthService $auth,
) {}
public function index(): Response
{
$user = $this->auth->user();
if ($user === null) {
return Redirect::to('/auth/login');
}
// Use $user->id to get the user's ID
}</code></pre>
<h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-3 mt-6">
Protecting Routes
</h3>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-4">
Use the AuthMiddleware to protect routes that
require authentication. It's best practice to
apply middleware at the class level when all
methods require the same middleware:
</p>
<pre
class="bg-gray-100 p-4 rounded mb-4"
><code class="language-php">use App\Modules\ForgeAuth\Middlewares\AuthMiddleware;
use App\Modules\ForgeRouter\Http\Attributes\Middleware;
#[Service]
#[Middleware("web")]
#[Middleware("App\Modules\ForgeAuth\Middlewares\AuthMiddleware")]
final class TodoController
{
// All methods in this controller require authentication
#[Route("/todos")]
public function index(): Response
{
// This route requires authentication
}
}</code></pre>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-4">
This approach is cleaner than repeating the
middleware attribute on each method, and ensures
all routes in the controller are protected.
</p>
</section>
<!-- Data Transfer Objects -->
<section
id="data-transfer-objects"
class="section-anchor mb-12"
>
<h2 class="text-2xl font-bold text-gray-900 mb-4">
Data Transfer Objects (DTOs)
</h2>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-6">
Before creating our controller, let's create a
DTO (Data Transfer Object) for creating todos.
DTOs provide several benefits:
</p>
<ul
class="list-disc list-inside space-y-2 text-gray-600 mb-6"
>
<li>
<strong>Type Safety:</strong> DTOs enforce
type checking and ensure data integrity
</li>
<li>
<strong>Validation:</strong> Centralized
validation logic for input data
</li>
<li>
<strong>Documentation:</strong> Clear
contract of what data is expected
</li>
<li>
<strong>Maintainability:</strong> Changes to
data structure are isolated to the DTO
</li>
<li>
<strong>Security:</strong> Prevents mass
assignment vulnerabilities by explicitly
defining allowed fields
</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-3">
Creating CreateTodoDTO
</h3>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-4">
Create
<code class="bg-gray-100 px-2 py-1 rounded"
>app/Dto/CreateTodoDTO.php</code
>:
</p>
<pre
class="bg-gray-100 p-4 rounded mb-4"
><code class="language-php"><?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace App\Dto;
final class CreateTodoDTO
{
public function __construct(
public string $title,
public ?string $description = null,
public bool $completed = false,
) {
}
public static function fromArray(array $data): self
{
return new self(
title: (string)($data['title'] ?? ''),
description: isset($data['description']) && $data['description'] !== ''
? (string)$data['description']
: null,
completed: isset($data['completed']) && (bool)$data['completed'],
);
}
public function toArray(): array
{
return [
'title' => $this->title,
'description' => $this->description,
'completed' => $this->completed,
];
}
}</code></pre>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-4">
This DTO defines the structure for creating a
todo. The
<code class="bg-gray-100 px-2 py-1 rounded"
>fromArray()</code
>
method safely converts request data into a typed
DTO instance, while
<code class="bg-gray-100 px-2 py-1 rounded"
>toArray()</code
>
converts it back to an array for database
operations.
</p>
</section>
<!-- Controllers & Routes -->
<section
id="controllers-routes"
class="section-anchor mb-12"
>
<h2 class="text-2xl font-bold text-gray-900 mb-4">
Controllers & Routes
</h2>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-6">
Now let's create our TodoController with full
CRUD operations. We'll use descriptive method
names (not Laravel-style) and follow best
practices by using DTOs and the repository
pattern.
</p>
<h3 class="text-lg font-semibold mb-3">
Creating TodoController
</h3>
<p class="text-gray-600 mb-4">
Create
<code class="bg-gray-100 px-2 py-1 rounded"
>app/Controllers/TodoController.php</code
>:
</p>
<pre
class="bg-gray-100 p-4 rounded mb-4"
><code class="language-php"><?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace App\Controllers;
use App\Dto\CreateTodoDTO;
use App\Events\TodoCompletedEvent;
use App\Events\TodoCreatedEvent;
use App\Modules\ForgeAuth\Middlewares\AuthMiddleware;
use App\Modules\ForgeAuth\Services\ForgeAuthService;
use App\Modules\ForgeEvents\Services\EventDispatcher;
use App\Modules\ForgeWire\Attributes\Action;
use App\Modules\ForgeWire\Attributes\Reactive;
use App\Modules\ForgeWire\Attributes\State;
use App\Repositories\TodoRepository;
use Forge\Core\DI\Attributes\Service;
use Forge\Core\Helpers\Flash;
use Forge\Core\Helpers\Redirect;
use App\Modules\ForgeRouter\Http\Attributes\Middleware;
use App\Modules\ForgeRouter\Http\Request;
use App\Modules\ForgeRouter\Http\Response;
use App\Modules\ForgeRouter\Routing\Route;
use Forge\Traits\ControllerHelper;
use Forge\Traits\SecurityHelper;
#[Reactive]
#[Middleware("web")]
#[Middleware("App\Modules\ForgeAuth\Middlewares\AuthMiddleware")]
final class TodoController
{
use ControllerHelper;
use SecurityHelper;
#[State]
public string $newTodoTitle = '';
#[State]
public string $newTodoDescription = '';
public function __construct(
private readonly ForgeAuthService $auth,
private readonly TodoRepository $repository,
private readonly EventDispatcher $dispatcher,
) {}
#[Action]
public function addTodoReactive(): void
{
if (trim($this->newTodoTitle) === '') return;
$user = $this->auth->user();
$dto = new CreateTodoDTO(
title: $this->newTodoTitle,
description: $this->newTodoDescription ?: null
);
$todo = $this->repository->create($dto, $user->id);
$this->dispatcher->dispatch(
new TodoCreatedEvent(
todoId: $todo->id,
userId: $user->id,
title: $todo->title
)
);
$this->newTodoTitle = '';
$this->newTodoDescription = '';
}
#[Action]
public function toggleTodoReactive(int $id): void
{
$user = $this->auth->user();
$todo = $this->repository->find($id);
if ($todo && $todo->user_id === $user->id) {
$todo->toggle();
if ($todo->completed) {
$this->dispatcher->dispatch(
new TodoCompletedEvent(
todoId: $todo->id,
userId: $user->id,
title: $todo->title
)
);
}
}
}
#[Action]
public function deleteTodoReactive(int $id): void
{
$user = $this->auth->user();
$todo = $this->repository->find($id);
if ($todo && $todo->user_id === $user->id) {
$this->repository->delete($todo);
}
}
#[Route("/todos")]
public function index(): Response
{
$user = $this->auth->user();
$todos = $this->repository->findByUserId($user->id);
return $this->view("todos/index", [