diff --git a/src/typechecker/mod.rs b/src/typechecker/mod.rs
index 50024f5a..4ca3172b 100644
--- a/src/typechecker/mod.rs
+++ b/src/typechecker/mod.rs
@@ -719,14 +719,22 @@ impl TypeChecker {
                     .collect::<Vec<Type>>();
 
                 // WFL has no return-type annotation syntax, so `return_type` is
-                // effectively always `None`; default to `Nothing` provisionally
+                // effectively always `None`; seed a provisional return type
                 // (so recursive calls in the body resolve to a function type),
                 // then refine it below by inferring from the body's `return`
-                // expressions (issue #569). Without this, every action-call
-                // result is typed `Nothing`, producing spurious "Expected Text
-                // but found Nothing" errors when the result feeds a builtin
-                // position that requires Text (e.g. `respond to req with ...`).
-                let return_type_value = return_type.as_ref().cloned().unwrap_or(Type::Nothing);
+                // expressions (issue #569).
+                //
+                // Seed with `Unknown` rather than `Nothing`. The body is
+                // type-checked before the real return type is inferred (#575's
+                // ordering), so a self-recursive call in the body resolves
+                // against this provisional type. `Nothing` made such a call — and
+                // any indexing/use of its result — raise strict "found Nothing"
+                // errors (issue #590). After #588/#589 an `Unknown`-typed value
+                // degrades gracefully, so `Unknown` resolves self-references
+                // cleanly while still avoiding the spurious "Expected Text but
+                // found Nothing" errors that motivated seeding a concrete type
+                // in builtin positions (e.g. `respond to req with ...`, #569).
+                let return_type_value = return_type.as_ref().cloned().unwrap_or(Type::Unknown);
 
                 if let Some(symbol) = self.analyzer.get_symbol_mut(name) {
                     symbol.symbol_type = Some(Type::Function {
@@ -779,10 +787,12 @@ impl TypeChecker {
                 self.analyzer.pop_scope();
 
                 // Update the action's symbol so call sites see the real result
-                // type instead of the provisional `Nothing`. Skip pure `Nothing`
-                // results (void actions) to preserve existing behavior.
+                // type instead of the provisional `Unknown` seed. Pure `Nothing`
+                // results (void actions) are recorded as `Nothing` — the seed is
+                // only `Unknown` so self-references resolve gracefully during the
+                // body check (#590); external callers still see the same `Nothing`
+                // return type void actions had before.
                 if let Some(inferred) = inferred_return
-                    && inferred != Type::Nothing
                     && let Some(symbol) = self.analyzer.get_symbol_mut(name)
                 {
                     symbol.symbol_type = Some(Type::Function {
diff --git a/tests/recursive_action_return_type_test.rs b/tests/recursive_action_return_type_test.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c3240c65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/recursive_action_return_type_test.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+//! Regression tests for issue #590: a self-recursive action's result must not be
+//! typed `Nothing` inside its own body.
+//!
+//! When an action calls itself and uses the recursive result inside its own body
+//! (e.g. indexes it), the type checker used to seed the action's provisional
+//! return type as `Nothing`. The body is type-checked *before* the real return
+//! type is inferred (#575's ordering), so the self-reference resolved to
+//! `Nothing`, producing a false `Cannot index into Nothing` diagnostic. Seeding
+//! the provisional type as `Unknown` (which degrades gracefully after #589) fixes
+//! this while post-body inference still records the concrete return type.
+
+use wfl::lexer::lex_wfl_with_positions;
+use wfl::parser::Parser;
+use wfl::typechecker::TypeChecker;
+
+/// Type-check `code` and assert it produces zero diagnostics. Asserting a fully
+/// clean result (rather than only the absence of one error substring) is a
+/// tighter regression guard: it catches both a re-introduced "Cannot index into
+/// Nothing" error and any new spurious diagnostic on the same recursive path.
+fn assert_typechecks_clean(code: &str) {
+    let tokens = lex_wfl_with_positions(code);
+    let mut parser = Parser::new(&tokens);
+    let program = parser.parse().expect("Should parse");
+
+    let mut type_checker = TypeChecker::new();
+    let result = type_checker.check_types(&program);
+
+    assert!(
+        result.is_ok(),
+        "Self-recursive action should type-check clean; got: {:?}",
+        result.err()
+    );
+}
+
+/// Issue #590: a self-recursive call whose result is indexed directly inside the
+/// body must not raise a false "Cannot index into Nothing" diagnostic.
+#[test]
+fn test_self_recursive_action_result_not_typed_nothing() {
+    assert_typechecks_clean(
+        r#"
+define action called other with parameters n:
+    create map m:
+        "val" is n
+    end map
+    return m
+end action
+
+define action called p_unary with parameters n:
+    check if n is greater than 0:
+        store r as p_unary of (n minus 1)
+        return other of (r["val"])
+    end check
+    return other of n
+end action
+
+display (p_unary of 3)["val"]
+"#,
+    );
+}
+
+/// A self-recursive action that negates its recursive result before indexing
+/// (the Scribe `scribe_p_unary` shape) must also type-check clean.
+#[test]
+fn test_self_recursive_action_negating_result_typechecks_clean() {
+    assert_typechecks_clean(
+        r#"
+define action called other with parameters n:
+    create map m:
+        "val" is n
+    end map
+    return m
+end action
+
+define action called p_unary with parameters n:
+    check if n is greater than 0:
+        store r as p_unary of (n minus 1)
+        return other of (0 minus (r["val"]))
+    end check
+    return other of n
+end action
+
+display (p_unary of 3)["val"]
+"#,
+    );
+}