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+# Migrate project to C++17 standard and reduce complexity
+
+GitHub Issue: https://github.com/AcademySoftwareFoundation/openqmc/issues/86
+
+## Summary
+
+Migrate OpenQMC from C++14 to C++17 to eliminate the binary/header-only
+install split and reduce build system complexity. C++17 `inline` variables
+remove the need for the `OQMC_ENABLE_BINARY` mechanism entirely, allowing the
+library to remain header-only without duplicating large static arrays across
+compilation units.
+
+## Motivation
+
+OpenQMC includes six large blue noise lookup tables (key and rank tables for
+PMJ, Sobol, and Lattice samplers) defined in `include/oqmc/bntables.h`. Each
+table is 2^16 entries of `uint32_t`, totalling roughly 1.5 MB of data across
+all six.
+
+In C++14, `constexpr` namespace-scope variables have internal linkage. When
+`bntables.h` is included from multiple translation units, each unit gets its
+own copy of the table data in the final binary. To avoid this, the project
+offers a binary variant controlled by the `OPENQMC_ENABLE_BINARY` CMake
+option. When enabled, the tables are declared `extern` in the header and
+defined once in `src/bntables.cpp`, which is compiled into a static or shared
+library.
+
+This creates user-facing complexity:
+
+- Three CMake options (`OPENQMC_ENABLE_BINARY`, `OPENQMC_SHARED_LIB`,
+  `OPENQMC_FORCE_PIC`) that exist solely for this purpose.
+- Conditional `INTERFACE` vs `STATIC`/`SHARED` library target logic in
+  `src/CMakeLists.txt`.
+- A preprocessor split (`#if defined(OQMC_ENABLE_BINARY)`) in `bntables.h`.
+- Documentation explaining the trade-off between header-only and binary
+  installs.
+
+C++17 introduces `inline` variable declarations. An `inline constexpr`
+namespace-scope variable has external linkage and is guaranteed to have a
+single definition across all translation units. This directly solves the
+duplication problem with no build system workaround required.
+
+## Changes — Headers
+
+Replace the conditional compilation in `include/oqmc/bntables.h`. The current
+pattern for each sampler namespace (repeated for `pmj`, `sobol`, `lattice`):
+
+```cpp
+#if defined(OQMC_ENABLE_BINARY)
+extern const std::uint32_t keyTable[size];
+extern const std::uint32_t rankTable[size];
+#else
+constexpr std::uint32_t keyTable[] = {
+#include "data/pmj/keys.txt"
+};
+constexpr std::uint32_t rankTable[] = {
+#include "data/pmj/ranks.txt"
+};
+#endif
+```
+
+Becomes:
+
+```cpp
+inline constexpr std::uint32_t keyTable[] = {
+#include "data/pmj/keys.txt"
+};
+inline constexpr std::uint32_t rankTable[] = {
+#include "data/pmj/ranks.txt"
+};
+```
+
+The `#if defined(OQMC_ENABLE_BINARY)` blocks and corresponding `#else` /
+`#endif` are removed entirely.
+
+## Changes — Source code
+
+### `src/bntables.cpp`
+
+Delete this file. It only exists to provide `extern` definitions for the
+binary variant.
+
+## Changes — Build system
+
+### `CMakeLists.txt` (root)
+
+Remove the following options:
+
+```cmake
+option(OPENQMC_ENABLE_BINARY "Build binary to reduce memory cost.")
+option(OPENQMC_SHARED_LIB "Make a shared library, in place of static.")
+option(OPENQMC_FORCE_PIC "Force PIC for static libraries.")
+```
+
+### `src/CMakeLists.txt`
+
+Replace the conditional library creation:
+
+```cmake
+if(OPENQMC_ENABLE_BINARY)
+	if(OPENQMC_SHARED_LIB)
+		add_library(${PROJECT_NAME} SHARED)
+	else()
+		add_library(${PROJECT_NAME} STATIC)
+	endif()
+
+	if(OPENQMC_FORCE_PIC)
+		set_target_properties(${PROJECT_NAME} PROPERTIES POSITION_INDEPENDENT_CODE ON)
+	endif()
+
+	target_sources(${PROJECT_NAME} PRIVATE bntables.cpp)
+	target_compile_options(${PROJECT_NAME} PRIVATE ${OPENQMC_CXX_FLAGS})
+	target_include_directories(${PROJECT_NAME} PRIVATE ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include)
+else()
+	add_library(${PROJECT_NAME} INTERFACE)
+endif()
+```
+
+With:
+
+```cmake
+add_library(${PROJECT_NAME} INTERFACE)
+```
+
+Remove the `OQMC_ENABLE_BINARY` compile definition block:
+
+```cmake
+if(OPENQMC_ENABLE_BINARY)
+	target_compile_definitions(${PROJECT_NAME} INTERFACE OQMC_ENABLE_BINARY)
+endif()
+```
+
+Change the C++ standard requirement:
+
+```cmake
+# Before
+target_compile_features(${PROJECT_NAME} INTERFACE cxx_std_14)
+
+# After
+target_compile_features(${PROJECT_NAME} INTERFACE cxx_std_17)
+```
+
+### `CMakePresets.json`
+
+The `unix` preset sets `CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD` to `"14"` (line 18). Update to
+`"17"`.
+
+### `cmake/examples/`
+
+Update `cxx_std_14` to `cxx_std_17` in the manual include example.
+
+## Changes — Documentation
+
+### `README.md`
+
+- Change "This C++14 (CPU, GPU) header only library" to reference C++17.
+- Update the requirements section: change "no dependencies other than C++14"
+  to C++17 and adjust VFX Reference Platform compatibility to CY2021.
+- Remove or update references to the binary install variant and its CMake
+  options throughout the document.
+
+Update minimum tested compiler versions:
+
+- **GCC**: GCC 7 is the minimum requirement for C++17. No change needed.
+- **Clang**: Clang 5 is the minimum requirement for C++17. No change needed.
+- **NVCC**: Minimum version moves from NVCC 10 to NVCC 11. Update tested
+  compiler documentation and CI matrix accordingly.
+
+### `mkdocs/home.html`
+
+- Update "Header-only C++14 library" and "CY2018" references on line 77.
+
+## Migration risks
+
+- **Downstream breakage**: Projects using `OPENQMC_ENABLE_BINARY`,
+  `OPENQMC_SHARED_LIB`, or `OPENQMC_FORCE_PIC` will see CMake errors on
+  upgrade. This is an intentional breaking change. A CHANGELOG entry and
+  migration note should accompany the release.
+- **VFX Reference Platform**: This migration moves the minimum from CY2018
+  to CY2021.
+- **Per-TU parse cost**: `OPENQMC_ENABLE_BINARY` solved two problems at once.
+  As well as avoiding C++14's internal-linkage duplication in the final
+  binary, defining the tables in a single `src/bntables.cpp` meant only that
+  one translation unit had to parse the ~393K lines of integer literals in
+  `include/oqmc/data/`. Moving to header-only `inline constexpr` fixes the
+  duplication but reintroduces the parse cost in *every* translation unit that
+  includes `bntables.h`. This is the headline trade-off of the migration and
+  needs to be measured before it is accepted (see Validation).
+
+## Validation
+
+The following must be carried out before the migration is accepted. They are
+not yet done.
+
+- **NVCC device-linkage**: The blue noise tables are consumed from
+  `OQMC_HOST_DEVICE` code (`bntables.h` `tableValue`), so they must be usable
+  on the device. The current internal-linkage `constexpr` arrays produce a
+  per-TU copy, which is what makes them trivially available in device code
+  today. `inline constexpr` changes this to a single external-linkage
+  definition, and NVCC's handling of inline-variable device-side definitions
+  has historically had caveats. Confirm on the minimum supported toolchain
+  (NVCC 11) that the tables compile, link, and produce correct results in
+  device code with no duplicate-definition or missing-symbol errors.
+
+- **Compile-time trade-off**: A test/benchmark must be created to measure the
+  per-TU parse cost described under Migration risks on a representative
+  consumer (several translation units each including `bntables.h`). Compare
+  the C++14 binary variant, C++14 header-only, and the proposed C++17
+  `inline constexpr` builds for total compile time and final binary size, and
+  record the results here so the trade-off can be accepted explicitly.
+
+## Candidate C++17 improvements
+
+Beyond the core `inline constexpr` change, the following are candidate
+improvements enabled by C++17 that could be included in this migration or
+follow-up work.
+
+### Hex float literals
+
+`include/oqmc/float.h` line 34:
+
+```cpp
+// Before
+constexpr auto floatOneOverTwoPower32 = 1.0f / (1ull << 32); ///< 0x1p-32
+
+// After
+constexpr auto floatOneOverTwoPower32 = 0x1p-32f;
+```
+
+Hex float literals (P3.9) are a C++17 feature. This replaces a computed
+constant with an exact representation, removing the reliance on compile-time
+evaluation of the division.
+
+### `[[maybe_unused]]` attribute
+
+The project defines a custom `OQMC_MAYBE_UNUSED` macro in
+`include/oqmc/unused.h` (line 11) to suppress unused variable warnings:
+
+```cpp
+#define OQMC_MAYBE_UNUSED(exp) (void)(exp)
+```
+
+This is used in 6 locations across the codebase:
+
+- `include/oqmc/stochastic.h` line 36 — `maxIndexSize`
+- `include/oqmc/lattice.h` lines 51, 62 — `cache` parameter
+- `include/oqmc/sobol.h` lines 51, 62 — `cache` parameter
+- `src/shapes.h` lines 95, 110 — `x` and `y` parameters
+
+C++17 provides `[[maybe_unused]]` as a standard attribute. All uses can be
+replaced, and `unused.h` can be deleted. For example:
+
+```cpp
+// Before
+OQMC_MAYBE_UNUSED(cache);
+
+// After (on parameter)
+[[maybe_unused]] const void* cache
+```
+
+### Nested namespace declarations
+
+`include/oqmc/bntables.h` uses nested namespaces with separate declarations:
+
+```cpp
+namespace oqmc
+{
+namespace bntables
+{
+namespace pmj
+{
+```
+
+C++17 allows compact nested namespace syntax:
+
+```cpp
+namespace oqmc::bntables::pmj
+{
+```
+
+However, care should be taken to remain consistent with the rest of the
+codebase. If adopted, it should apply uniformly (e.g. `bntables.h` uses 3
+levels of nesting, while most other files use 1-2). This is a low-priority
+stylistic change.
+
+### `if constexpr`
+
+`include/oqmc/owen.h` line 51 uses a runtime `if` to check dimension 0:
+
+```cpp
+if(dimension == 0)
+{
+    return reverseBits16(index);
+}
+```
+
+This could become `if constexpr` if the function were templated on
+`dimension`. However, this would be an API change and the compiler likely
+optimises this already. Low priority.